Definition Declarative Knowledge Steps in Learning Declarative Knowledge Designer's Role Phases of Presenting Declarative Knowledge Examples of Learner Acquisition of Declarative Knowledge

7.1 concept learning 7.1.1 concept A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer（整数） that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地） divisible by two

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes

Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

“Any subject can by taught effectively to any child at any stage of development

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)