Mutations are the results of DNA changes Hydrolysis UV and other radiation caused backbone alteration Oxidation
Mutations are the results of DNA changes • Hydrolysis • UV and other radiation caused backbone alteration • Oxidation
(a) Depurination T OH Guanine H Guanine released C C
(b)Deamination Normal Sequence Amino group H G ,UG Deamination N NO H Replication Cytosine Uracil A G Replication A A Mutant sequence
(e)Oxidation Active Normal sequence oxygen H species ↓ Oxidative damage C G canine 8-oxodG Replication GO) Mispairing with A Replication A Mutant sequence
( c)X rays break the DNA backbone X ray Deletion