俄罗斯联邦宪法 t Adopted by referendum on: 12 Dec 1993) f ICL Document Status: 12 Dec 1993) t Long Title: Constitution of the Russian Federation i i Editors Note: Minor textual changes to Article 65 have been added by order of the President of 9 Jan 1996.1 [Preamble We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and liberties, civil peace and accord, preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly recognized principles of equality and ermination of the peoples honoring the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for our homeland and faith in good and justice eviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, triving to secure the well-being and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations and being aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Part I] First Part Fundamentals of the Constitutional System Article 1 [Russian Federation The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal rule-of-law state with the republican form of government. The names"Russian Federation"and Russia"are equivalent Article 2 [Protection of Human Rights Humans, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. It is a duty of the state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of humans and citizens Article 3 [The Multinational People] ( 1)The multinational people of the Russian Federation is the vehicle of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation. (2)The people of the Russian Federation exercise their power directly, and also through organs of state power and local self-govemment The referendum and free elections are the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people (4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the Russian Federation. eizure of power or appropriation of power authorization are prosecuted under federal law. (1)The sovereignty of the Russian Federation applies to its entire rotory (2)The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. ()The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory. (1)The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which equal subjects of the Russian Federation. (2)The republic(state)has its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area has ts own charter and legislation (3)The federated structure of the Russian Federation are based on its
俄罗斯联邦宪法 { Adopted by referendum on: 12 Dec 1993 } { ICL Document Status: 12 Dec 1993 } { Long Title: Constitution of the Russian Federation } { Editor's Note: Minor textual changes to Article 65 have been added by order of the President of 9 Jan 1996. } [Preamble] We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and liberties, civil peace and accord, preserving the historic unity of the state, proceeding from the commonly recognized principles of equality and self-determination of the peoples, honoring the memory of our ancestors, who have passed on to us love of and respect for our homeland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting its immutable democratic foundations, striving to secure the well-being and prosperity of Russia and proceeding from a sense of responsibility for our homeland before the present and future generations, and being aware of ourselves as part of the world community, hereby approve the Constitution of the Russian Federation. [Part I] First Part Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Constitutional System Article 1 [Russian Federation] The Russian Federation -- Russia is a democratic federal rule-of-law state with the republican form of government. The names "Russian Federation" and "Russia" are equivalent. Article 2 [Protection of Human Rights] Humans, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. It is a duty of the state to recognize, respect and protect the rights and liberties of humans and citizens. Article 3 [The Multinational People] (1) The multinational people of the Russian Federation is the vehicle of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation. (2) The people of the Russian Federation exercise their power directly, and also through organs of state power and local self-government. (3) The referendum and free elections are the supreme direct manifestation of the power of the people. (4) No one may arrogate to oneself power in the Russian Federation. Seizure of power or appropriation of power authorization are prosecuted under federal law. Article 4 [Sovereignty] (1) The sovereignty of the Russian Federation applies to its entire territory. (2) The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. (3) The Russian Federation ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory. Article 5 [Federal Structure] (1) The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation. (2) The republic (state) has its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area has its own charter and legislation (3) The federated structure of the Russian Federation are based on its
state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of s of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian (4)All the subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves Article 6[Citizenship accordance with the Federal law, and are one and equal irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired. (2) Every citizen of the Russian Federation has all the rights and liberties on its territory and bear equal duties, stipulated by the Constitution 3 )A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be stripped of citizenship Article 7 State Principles (1) The Russian Federation is a social state, whose policies are aimed at creating conditions which ensure a dignified life and free development of (2)The Russian Federation protects the work and health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state support for family, motherhood. fatherhood and childhood. and also for the disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees Article 8 [Economic Guarantees] (1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any economic ctivity is guaranteed in (2)Private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and enjoy equal protection in the Russian Federation. (1)The land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples (2)The land and other natural resources may be in private, state municipal and other forms of ownership State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. The bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary powers are independent. Article 11 [ State Powers (1)State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly(Council of the Federation and House of Representatives State Duma ), the government of the Russian Federation and courts of the Russian Federation (2)State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them () The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation are delimited under this Constitution Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers. Article 12 Local Self-Government Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation. Local self-government operates independently within the bounds f its authority. The bodies of local self-government are not part of the state power. Article 13 [Political Plurality (1) Ideological plurality is recognized in the Russian Federation. (2)No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored or mandatory ideology. (3)Political plurality and the multi-party system are recognized in the
state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of scopes of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian Federation. (4) All the subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves in relations with the Federal bodies of state power. Article 6 [Citizenship] (1) Citizenship of the Russian Federation are acquired and terminated in accordance with the Federal law, and are one and equal irrespective of the grounds on which it has been acquired. (2) Every citizen of the Russian Federation has all the rights and liberties on its territory and bear equal duties, stipulated by the Constitution. (3) A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be stripped of citizenship or of the right to change it. Article 7 [State Principles] (1) The Russian Federation is a social state, whose policies are aimed at creating conditions which ensure a dignified life and free development of man. (2) The Russian Federation protects the work and health of its people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, provide state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, and also for the disabled and for elderly citizens, develop a system of social services and establish government pensions, benefits and other social security guarantees. Article 8 [Economic Guarantees] (1) Unity of economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of any economic activity is guaranteed in the Russian Federation. (2) Private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership are recognized and enjoy equal protection in the Russian Federation. Article 9 [Natural Resources] (1) The land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activity of the peoples living on their respective territories. (2) The land and other natural resources may be in private, state municipal and other forms of ownership. Article 10 [Separations of Powers] State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. The bodies of legislative, executive and judiciary powers are independent. Article 11 [State Powers] (1) State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Council of the Federation and House of Representatives [State Duma]), the government of the Russian Federation and courts of the Russian Federation. (2) State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them. (3) The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation are delimited under this Constitution, Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers. Article 12 [Local Self-Government] Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation. Local self-government operates independently within the bounds of its authority. The bodies of local self-government are not part of the state power bodies. Article 13 [Political Plurality] (1) Ideological plurality is recognized in the Russian Federation. (2) No ideology may be instituted as a state-sponsored or mandatory ideology. (3) Political plurality and the multi-party system are recognized in the
Russian Federation (4)Public associations are equal before the law. )The establishment and the activities of public associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of strife are prohibited. Article 14 Secularity of the State (1)The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be instituted as state-sponsored or mandatory religion (2)Religious associations are separated from the state, and are equal Article 15 [ Supreme Lawl (1)The Constitution has supreme legal force and direct effect, and is applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted by the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution (2)Organs of state power and local self-government, officials, citizens and their associations must comply with the laws and the Constitution ()The laws are officially published. Unpublished laws are not applicable No regulatory legal act affecting the rights, liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has beer published officially for general knowledg (4)The commonly recognized principles and norms of the international lav and the international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component part of its legal system. If an intemational treaty of the Russian ederation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty apply Article 16 Constitutional System] (I)The provisions of the present Chapter of the Constitution are the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and may not be changed except as provided for in this Constitution. (2) No other provisions of this Constitution may contravene the oundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation Chapter 2 Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen Article 17 Basic Rights and Liberties (1)The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law are recognized and guaranteed in the russian Federation and under this Constitution (2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. ()The exercise of rights and liberties of a human being and citizen may not violate the nights and liberties of other persons The rights and liberties of man and citizen have direct effect they determine the meaning, content and application of the laws, and the activities of the legislative and executive branches and local self-government, and are secured by the judiciary (1)All people are equal before the law and in the court of law (2)The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment tatus, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden ()Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities Article 20 [Life, Capital Punishment]
Russian Federation. (4) Public associations are equal before the law. (5) The establishment and the activities of public associations, whose aims and actions are directed at forcible alteration of the fundamentals of constitutional governance and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermining of the security of the state, the forming of armed units, the incitement of social, racial, national and religious strife are prohibited. Article 14 [Secularity of the State] (1) The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be instituted as state-sponsored or mandatory religion. (2) Religious associations are separated from the state, and are equal before the law. Article 15 [Supreme Law] (1) The Constitution has supreme legal force and direct effect, and is applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted by the Russian Federation may not contravene the Constitution. (2) Organs of state power and local self-government, officials, citizens and their associations must comply with the laws and the Constitution. (3) The laws are officially published. Unpublished laws are not applicable. No regulatory legal act affecting the rights, liberties or duties of the human being and citizen may apply unless it has been published officially for general knowledge. (4) The commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation are a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the law, the rules of the international treaty apply. Article 16 [Constitutional System] (1) The provisions of the present Chapter of the Constitution are the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and may not be changed except as provided for in this Constitution. (2) No other provisions of this Constitution may contravene the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Chapter 2 Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen Article 17 [Basic Rights and Liberties] (1) The basic rights and liberties in conformity with the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law are recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation and under this Constitution. (2) The basic rights and liberties of the human being are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. (3) The exercise of rights and liberties of a human being and citizen may not violate the rights and liberties of other persons. Article 18 [Direct Effect] The rights and liberties of man and citizen have direct effect. They determine the meaning, content and application of the laws, and the activities of the legislative and executive branches and local self-government, and are secured by the judiciary. Article 19 [Equality] (1) All people are equal before the law and in the court of law. (2) The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden. (3) Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities for their pursuit. Article 20 [Life, Capital Punishment]
(1) Everyone has the right to life (2)Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life. with the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by jury Article 21 [Human Dignity (1)The dignity of the person is protected by the state. No circumstance (2)No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent. Article 22 [Personal Freedom] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability (2)Arrest, detention and keeping in custody are allowed only by an order of a court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order of a court of law. Article 23 [Privacy] (1) Everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to protection of ones honor and good name (2) Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this right is allowed only under an order of a court of law Article 24 Data Protection (I)It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on (2)The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter the home against the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal law or under an order of a court of law Article 26(National Identity, Native Language] (1) Everyone has the right to determine and state his national identity No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity (2) Everyone has the right to use his native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work (1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and reside (2) Everyone is free to leave the boundaries of the Russian Federation The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to freely return into the Russian Federation Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in nformity with them (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and speech (2)Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national racial, national, religious or language superiority is forbidden. (3) No one may be coerced into expressing ones views and convictions or (4)Everyone has the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret is established by the federal law. 5. The freedom of the mass
(1) Everyone has the right to life. (2) Capital punishment may, until its abolition, be instituted by the federal law as exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life, with the accused having the right to have his case considered in a law court by jury. Article 21 [Human Dignity] (1) The dignity of the person is protected by the state. No circumstance may be used as a pretext for belittling it. (2) No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent. Article 22 [Personal Freedom] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability. (2) Arrest, detention and keeping in custody are allowed only by an order of a court of law. No person may be detained for more than 48 hours without an order of a court of law. Article 23 [Privacy] (1) Everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets, and to protection of one's honor and good name. (2) Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone communications, mail, cables and other communications. Any restriction of this right is allowed only under an order of a court of law. Article 24 [Data Protection] (1) It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the private life of any person without his/her consent. (2) The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law. Article 25 [Home] The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter the home against the will of persons residing in it except in cases stipulated by the federal law or under an order of a court of law. Article 26 [National Identity, Native Language] (1) Everyone has the right to determine and state his national identity. No one can be forced to determine and state his national identity. (2) Everyone has the right to use his native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work. Article 27 [Residence] (1) Everyone who is lawfully staying on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to freedom of movement and to choose the place to stay and reside. (2) Everyone is free to leave the boundaries of the Russian Federation. The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to freely return into the Russian Federation. Article 28 [Belief, Religion] Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience, to freedom of religious worship, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion, or to profess no religion, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious or other beliefs, and to act in conformity with them. Article 29 [Expression] (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and speech. (2) Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred and strife is impermissible. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or language superiority is forbidden. (3) No one may be coerced into expressing one's views and convictions or into renouncing them. (4) Everyone has the right to seek, get, transfer, produce and disseminate information by any lawful means. The list of information constituting the state secret is established by the federal law. 5. The freedom of the mass
media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited (1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities is guaranteed (2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof Article 31 [Assembly, Demonstration] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to gather peacefully. without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets (1)Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of the affairs of the state both directly and through neir representatives. (2)Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of state govemance and to organs of local self-government, as well as take part in a referendum. ()Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, lo not have the right to elect or to be elected. (4)Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to state service )Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in administering justice Article 33[Petitions) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to turn personally to, and send individual and collective petitions to state bodies and bodies of Article 34 [Property Rights] (1) Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the (2) No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition a allowe Article 35 [Private Property )The right of private property is protected by law. (2) Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to ossess,use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons () No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal (4)The right of inheritance is guaranteed Article 36 Land Ownership (1)Citizens and their associations have the right to have land in their (2)The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources are freely exercised by their owners provided this does not of other persons. ()The terms and procedures for the use of land are determined on the basis of federal laws Article 37 [Work] (1)Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation. (2)Forced labor is prohibited ()Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment. (4)The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of
media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. Article 30 [Association] (1) Everyone has the right to association, including the right to create trade unions in order to protect one's interests. The freedom of public associations activities is guaranteed. (2) No one may be coerced into joining any association or into membership thereof. Article 31 [Assembly, Demonstration] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to gather peacefully, without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets. Article 32 [Participation] (1) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of the affairs of the state both directly and through their representatives. (2) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of state governance and to organs of local self-government, as well as take part in a referendum. (3) Citizens who have been found by a court of law to be under special disability, and also citizens placed in detention under a court verdict, do not have the right to elect or to be elected. (4) Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to state service. (5) Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in administering justice. Article 33 [Petitions] Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to turn personally to, and send individual and collective petitions to state bodies and bodies of local self-government. Article 34 [Property Rights] (1) Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the law. (2) No economic activity aimed at monopolization or unfair competition are allowed. Article 35 [Private Property] (1) The right of private property is protected by law. (2) Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to possess, use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons. (3) No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation. (4) The right of inheritance is guaranteed. Article 36 [Land Ownership] (1) Citizens and their associations have the right to have land in their private ownership. (2) The possession, use and management of the land and other natural resources are freely exercised by their owners provided this does not cause damage to the environment or infringe upon the rights and interests of other persons. (3) The terms and procedures for the use of land are determined on the basis of federal laws. Article 37 [Work] (1) Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation. (2) Forced labor is prohibited. (3) Everyone has the right to work under conditions meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination whatsoever and not below the statutory minimum wage, and also the right to security against unemployment. (4) The right to individual and collective labor disputes with the use of