意大利宪法(英文) Adopted on: 22 Dec 19471 ince: I Jan 1948 f ICL Document Status: 23 May 2003: The first ICL edition has been based on a translation provided by the Italian Embassy in London. Thanks to Prof. Carlo Fusaro and the help of Dr Federico Signorini and Dr Ignazio Castellucci, we have since replaced the former ICL edition with a new translation. The new text takes into consideration the translation of the 1948 version provided by the ltalian Embassy in London, the translation of the 1990 version by C. Neenan published by the House of Representatives in Rome, and the translation of amendments by Bernard Delury published in 1994 by Oceana Publications. However, the ICL edition is a new translation and not based on any of those documents. It follows the specific standards of ICL documents: all terms are in American rather than British english(i.e, councilor, defense, favor, fulfill, harbor, labor, misdemeanor, organization), paragraphs are numbered and articles carry a descriptive titel for easier identification within the table of contents. Furthermore, some technical terms( House of Representatives for the Chamber of deputies, Senate for Senate of the Republic, President for President of the Republic, Prime Minister for President of the Council of Ministers, Regional Cabinet for Junta, Justices for Judges of the Constitutional Court) are harmonized between the constitutions of different countries to facilitate easier omparisons once the ICL search engine is running again The ICL edition has been consolidated up to and including all amendments until the status date(above). Transitory and final provisions have not been included into this translation. Most recent changes include Art. 51(1), 56(2)-(4), 57(1)(2)(3)&(4), 1 14 through 132 However, please note the following rules regarding the application of specific provisions (a)According to Art. 10 of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no 3, the provisions of the newly amended Title V of the Constitution also applies to the five Regions with special Statutes adopted by constitutional law, as long as these provisions provide for wider powers than those which have been assigned to them until now (b)According to Art. ll of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no. 3, the Chambers have to change their respective Standing Orders to allow representatives from the Regions and the other local public bodies to take part in the proceedings of the Parliamentary Commission for regional affairs, whenever it discusses bills that contain fundamental principles pertaining to concurrent legislative powers, as laid down in Article 117(3), or exercise financial autonomy, as laid down in Article 119.1 [Part 0] Fundamental Principles Article 1 Form of State (1) Italy is a democratic republic based on labor (2)The sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it in the forms and limits of the constitution. Article 2 [ Human Rights] The republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable human rights, be it as an individual or in social groups expressing their personality and it ensures the performance of the unalterable duty to political, economic, and social solidarity. Article 3 [Equality d are equal before the law, without regard to their sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, and personal or social conditions 2)It is the duty of the republic to remove all economic and social obstacles that, by limiting the freedom and equality of citizens, prevent full individual development and the participation of all workers in the political, economic, and social organization of the country Article 4 Work (1)The republic recognizes the right of all citizens to work and promotes conditions to fulfill this right. (2)According to capability and choice, every citizen has the duty to undertake an activity or a function that will contribute to the material and moral progress of society Article 5 [ Local Autonomy] The republic, one and indivisible, recognizes and promotes local autonomy; it fully applies administrative decentralization of state services and adopts principles and methods of legislation meeting the requirements of autonomy and decentralization. Article 6 [ Linguistic Minorities] The republic protects linguistic minorities by special laws. Article 7[ Relation between State and Church (1) State and catholic church are, each within their own reign, independent and sovereign. (2)Their relationship is regulated by the lateran pacts. Amendments to these pacts which are d by both pa do not require ocedure of constitutional amendments
意大利宪法（英文） Adopted on: 22 Dec 1947 } { Effective since: 1 Jan 1948 } { ICL Document Status: 23 May 2003 } { Editors Note: The first ICL edition has been based on a translation provided by the Italian Embassy in London. Thanks to Prof. Carlo Fusaro and the help of Dr Federico Signorini and Dr Ignazio Castellucci, we have since replaced the former ICL edition with a new translation. The new text takes into consideration the translation of the 1948 version provided by the Italian Embassy in London, the translation of the 1990 version by C. Neenan published by the House of Representatives in Rome, and the translation of amendments by Bernard DeLury, published in 1994 by Oceana Publications. However, the ICL edition is a new translation and not based on any of those documents. It follows the specific standards of ICL documents: all terms are in American rather than British english (i.e., councilor, defense, favor, fulfill, harbor, labor, misdemeanor, organization), paragraphs are numbered and articles carry a descriptive titel for easier identification within the table of contents. Furthermore, some technical terms (House of Representatives for the Chamber of deputies, Senate for Senate of the Republic, President for President of the Republic, Prime Minister for President of the Council of Ministers, Regional Cabinet for Junta, Justices for Judges of the Constitutional Court) are harmonized between the constitutions of different countries to facilitate easier comparisons once the ICL search engine is running again. The ICL edition has been consolidated up to and including all amendments until the status date (above). Transitory and final provisions have not been included into this translation. Most recent changes include Art. 51 (1), 56 (2)-(4), 57 (1) (2) (3) & (4), 114 through 132. However, please note the following rules regarding the application of specific provisions: (a) According to Art. 10 of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no. 3, the provisions of the newly amended Title V of the Constitution also applies to the five Regions with special Statutes adopted by constitutional law, as long as these provisions provide for wider powers than those which have been assigned to them until now. (b) According to Art. 11 of the Constitutional law of 18 October 2001, no. 3, the Chambers have to change their respective Standing Orders to allow representatives from the Regions and the other local public bodies to take part in the proceedings of the Parliamentary Commission for regional affairs, whenever it discusses bills that contain fundamental principles pertaining to concurrent legislative powers, as laid down in Article 117 (3), or exercise financial autonomy, as laid down in Article 119. } [Part 0] Fundamental Principles Article 1 [Form of State] (1) Italy is a democratic republic based on labor. (2) The sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it in the forms and limits of the constitution. Article 2 [Human Rights] The republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable human rights, be it as an individual or in social groups expressing their personality, and it ensures the performance of the unalterable duty to political, economic, and social solidarity. Article 3 [Equality] (1) All citizens have equal social status and are equal before the law, without regard to their sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, and personal or social conditions. (2) It is the duty of the republic to remove all economic and social obstacles that, by limiting the freedom and equality of citizens, prevent full individual development and the participation of all workers in the political, economic, and social organization of the country. Article 4 [Work] (1) The republic recognizes the right of all citizens to work and promotes conditions to fulfill this right. (2) According to capability and choice, every citizen has the duty to undertake an activity or a function that will contribute to the material and moral progress of society. Article 5 [Local Autonomy] The republic, one and indivisible, recognizes and promotes local autonomy; it fully applies administrative decentralization of state services and adopts principles and methods of legislation meeting the requirements of autonomy and decentralization. Article 6 [Linguistic Minorities] The republic protects linguistic minorities by special laws. Article 7 [Relation between State and Church] (1) State and catholic church are, each within their own reign, independent and sovereign. (2) Their relationship is regulated by the lateran pacts. Amendments to these pacts which are accepted by both parties do not require the procedure of constitutional amendments
Article&Religion ()Religious denominations are equally free before the lay (2)Denominations other than catholicism have the right to organize themselves according to their own by-laws, provided they do not conflict with the italian legal system. (3)Their relationship with the state is regulated by law, based on agreements with their representatives Article 9[Research and Culture] (1)The republic promotes cultural development and scientific and technical research. (2)It Article 10 [International Law (1)The legal system of italy conforms to the generally recognized principles of intemational law (2) Legal regulation of the status of foreigners conforms to intemational rules and treaties. ()Foreigners who are, in their own country, denied the actual exercise of those democratic freedoms guaranteed by the italian constitution, are entitled to the right to asylum under those conditions provided by law. (4) Foreigners may not be extradited for political offences. Article 11 (Repudiation of War] Italy repudiates war as an instrument offending the liberty of the peoples and as a means for settling international disputes; it agrees to limitations of sovereignty where they are necessary to allow for a legal system of peace and justice between nations, provided the principle of reciprocity is guaranteed; it promotes and encourages international organizations furthering such ends le 12 [Flag The flag of the republic is the italian tricolor: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions art I Rights and Duties of Citizens Title I Civil Rights (1) Personal liberty is inviolable (2) No one may be detained, inspected, or searched nor otherwise restricted in personal liberty except by order of the judiciary stating a reason and only in such cases and in such manner as provided by law ()As an exception, under the conditions of necessity and urgency strictly defined by law, the police may take provisional measures that must be reported within 48 hours to the judiciary and, if they are not ratified within another 48 hours, are considered revoked and remain without effect (4)Acts of physical and moral violence against persons subjected to restrictions of personal liberty are to be punished hes t Article 14 [Personal Domicile (1) Personal domicile is inviolable (2) No ones domicile may be inspected, searched, or seized save in cases and in the manner laid down by law conforming to the guarantee ()Verifications and inspections for public health and safety, or for economic and fiscal purposes are defined by law. Article 15 [ Freedom of Correspondence] (1) Liberty and secrecy of correspondence and other forms of communication are inviolable (2)Limitations may only be imposed by judicial decision stating the reasons and in accordance with guarantees defined by law. Article 16 [Freedom of Movement (1) Every citizen has the right to reside and travel freely in any part of the national territory except for limitations provided by general laws protecting health or security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons. (2)Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the republic and return to it except for obligations defined by law. Article 17 Right of Assembly] (1) All citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and unarmed (2) For meetings, including those held in places to which the general public has access, no previous notice is required () For meetings held in public places previous notice must be given to the authorities, who may prohibit them only on the ground of proven risks to security or public safety Article 18 Freedom of Association (1) Citizens have the right freely and without authorization to form associations for those aims not forbidden by criminal law (2) Secret associations and associations pursuing political aims by military organization, even if only indirectly, are forbidden
Article 8 [Religion] (1) Religious denominations are equally free before the law. (2) Denominations other than catholicism have the right to organize themselves according to their own by-laws, provided they do not conflict with the italian legal system. (3) Their relationship with the state is regulated by law, based on agreements with their representatives. Article 9 [Research and Culture] (1) The republic promotes cultural development and scientific and technical research. (2) It safeguards natural beauty and the historical and artistic heritage of the nation. Article 10 [International Law] (1) The legal system of italy conforms to the generally recognized principles of international law. (2) Legal regulation of the status of foreigners conforms to international rules and treaties. (3) Foreigners who are, in their own country, denied the actual exercise of those democratic freedoms guaranteed by the italian constitution, are entitled to the right to asylum under those conditions provided by law. (4) Foreigners may not be extradited for political offences. Article 11 [Repudiation of War] Italy repudiates war as an instrument offending the liberty of the peoples and as a means for settling international disputes; it agrees to limitations of sovereignty where they are necessary to allow for a legal system of peace and justice between nations, provided the principle of reciprocity is guaranteed; it promotes and encourages international organizations furthering such ends. Article 12 [Flag] The flag of the republic is the italian tricolor: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. Part I Rights and Duties of Citizens Title I Civil Rights Article 13 [Personal Liberty] (1) Personal liberty is inviolable. (2) No one may be detained, inspected, or searched nor otherwise restricted in personal liberty except by order of the judiciary stating a reason and only in such cases and in such manner as provided by law. (3) As an exception, under the conditions of necessity and urgency strictly defined by law, the police may take provisional measures that must be reported within 48 hours to the judiciary and, if they are not ratified within another 48 hours, are considered revoked and remain without effect. (4) Acts of physical and moral violence against persons subjected to restrictions of personal liberty are to be punished. (5) The law establishes the maximum duration of preventive detention. Article 14 [Personal Domicile] (1) Personal domicile is inviolable. (2) No ones domicile may be inspected, searched, or seized save in cases and in the manner laid down by law conforming to the guarantee of personal liberty. (3) Verifications and inspections for public health and safety, or for economic and fiscal purposes are defined by law. Article 15 [Freedom of Correspondence] (1) Liberty and secrecy of correspondence and other forms of communication are inviolable. (2) Limitations may only be imposed by judicial decision stating the reasons and in accordance with guarantees defined by law. Article 16 [Freedom of Movement] (1) Every citizen has the right to reside and travel freely in any part of the national territory except for limitations provided by general laws protecting health or security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons. (2) Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the republic and return to it except for obligations defined by law. Article 17 [Right of Assembly] (1) All citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and unarmed. (2) For meetings, including those held in places to which the general public has access, no previous notice is required. (3) For meetings held in public places previous notice must be given to the authorities, who may prohibit them only on the ground of proven risks to security or public safety. Article 18 [Freedom of Association] (1) Citizens have the right freely and without authorization to form associations for those aims not forbidden by criminal law. (2) Secret associations and associations pursuing political aims by military organization, even if only indirectly, are forbidden
Article 19 [Freedom of Religion Everyone is entitled to freely profess religious beliefs in any form, individually or with others, to promote them, and to celebrate rites in public or in private, provided they are not offensive to public morality Article 20 [Religious Associations For associations or institutions, their religious character or religious or confessional aims do not justify special limitations or fiscal burdens regarding their establishment, legal capacity, or activities. Article 21 [ Freedom of Communication (1) Everyone has the right to freely express thoughts in speech, writing, and by other communication. (2)The press may not be controlled by authorization or submitted to censorship ()Seizure is permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the press law or for violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences. (4)In cases of absolute urgency where immediate judicial intervention is impossible, periodicals may be seized by the judicial police, who must immediately and in no case later than 24 hours report the matter to the judiciary. If the measure is not validated by the judiciary within another 24 hours. it is considered revoked and has no effect. (5)The law may, by general provision, order the disclosure of financial sources of periodical publications (6) Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality are prohibited. Measures of prevention and repression Article 22 [Citizenship and Name Nobody may be deprived of legal capacity, citizenship, or name for political reasons. Article 23[Personal Services Nobody may be forced to perform personal service or payment without legal provision Article 24 [ Right to be Heard in Court (1) Everyone may bring cases before a court of law in order to protect their rights under civil and administrative law (2)Defense is an inviolable right at every stage and instance of legal proceedings ()The poor are entitled by law to proper means for action or defense in all courts (4)The law defines the conditions and forms for reparation in the case of judicial errors. rticle 25 Defendants Rights] (1) No case may be removed from a court, but must be heard as provided by law. (2) No punishment is allowed except provided by a law already in force when the offence has been committed (3) Security measures against persons are only allowed as provided by law Article 26[Extradition ( 1)A citizen may be extradited only as expressly provided by international convention (2) In any case, extradition may not be permitted for political offences Article 27 [Rights of the Accused] (2)The defendant may not be considered guilty until sentenced. (3) Punishments may not contradict humanity and must aim at re-educating the convicted (4)Death penalty is prohibited except by military law in time of war Article 28 Responsibility of Public Officials State officials and employees of other public bodies are directly responsible under criminal, civil, and administrative law for acts committed in violation of rights. Civil liability extends to the state and public bodies Title lI Ethical and Social Relations Article 29[Marriage (1)The familty is recognized by the republic as a natural association founded on marriage (2)Marriage entails moral and legal equality of the spouses within legally defined limits to protect the unity of the family Article 30[Parental Duties and Rights] (1) Parents have the duty and right to support, instruct, and educate their children, including those bom out of wedlock (2)The law provides for the fulfillment of those duties should the parents prove incapable ()Full legal and social protection for children born out of wedlock is guaranteed by law, consistent with the rights of other family (4)Rules and limits to determine paternity are set by lay Article 31 [ Family] (I)The republic furthers family formation and the fulfillment of related tasks by means of economic and other provisions with special
Article 19 [Freedom of Religion] Everyone is entitled to freely profess religious beliefs in any form, individually or with others, to promote them, and to celebrate rites in public or in private, provided they are not offensive to public morality. Article 20 [Religious Associations] For associations or institutions, their religious character or religious or confessional aims do not justify special limitations or fiscal burdens regarding their establishment, legal capacity, or activities. Article 21 [Freedom of Communication] (1) Everyone has the right to freely express thoughts in speech, writing, and by other communication. (2) The press may not be controlled by authorization or submitted to censorship. (3) Seizure is permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the press law or for violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences. (4) In cases of absolute urgency where immediate judicial intervention is impossible, periodicals may be seized by the judicial police, who must immediately and in no case later than 24 hours report the matter to the judiciary. If the measure is not validated by the judiciary within another 24 hours, it is considered revoked and has no effect. (5) The law may, by general provision, order the disclosure of financial sources of periodical publications. (6) Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality are prohibited. Measures of prevention and repression against violations are provided by law. Article 22 [Citizenship and Name] Nobody may be deprived of legal capacity, citizenship, or name for political reasons. Article 23 [Personal Services] Nobody may be forced to perform personal service or payment without legal provision. Article 24 [Right to be Heard in Court] (1) Everyone may bring cases before a court of law in order to protect their rights under civil and administrative law. (2) Defense is an inviolable right at every stage and instance of legal proceedings. (3) The poor are entitled by law to proper means for action or defense in all courts. (4) The law defines the conditions and forms for reparation in the case of judicial errors. Article 25 [Defendants Rights] (1) No case may be removed from a court, but must be heard as provided by law. (2) No punishment is allowed except provided by a law already in force when the offence has been committed. (3) Security measures against persons are only allowed as provided by law. Article 26 [Extradition] (1) A citizen may be extradited only as expressly provided by international conventions. (2) In any case, extradition may not be permitted for political offences. Article 27 [Rights of the Accused] 1) Criminal responsibility is personal. (2) The defendant may not be considered guilty until sentenced. (3) Punishments may not contradict humanity and must aim at re-educating the convicted. (4) Death penalty is prohibited except by military law in time of war. Article 28 [Responsibility of Public Officials] State officials and employees of other public bodies are directly responsible under criminal, civil, and administrative law for acts committed in violation of rights. Civil liability extends to the state and public bodies. Title II Ethical and Social Relations Article 29 [Marriage] (1) The familty is recognized by the republic as a natural association founded on marriage. (2) Marriage entails moral and legal equality of the spouses within legally defined limits to protect the unity of the family. Article 30 [Parental Duties and Rights] (1) Parents have the duty and right to support, instruct, and educate their children, including those born out of wedlock. (2) The law provides for the fulfillment of those duties should the parents prove incapable. (3) Full legal and social protection for children born out of wedlock is guaranteed by law, consistent with the rights of other family members. (4) Rules and limits to determine paternity are set by law. Article 31 [Family] (1) The republic furthers family formation and the fulfillment of related tasks by means of economic and other provisions with special
regard to large families (2)The republic protects maternity, infancy, and youth; it supports and encourages institutions needed for this purpose Article 32 [Health (1)The republic protects individual health as a basic night and in the public interest, it provides free medical care to the poor. (2) Nobody may be forcefully submitted to medical treatment except as regulated by law. That law may in no case violate the limits imposed by the respect for the human being Article 33 [Freedom of Arts, Science and Teaching (I) The arts and sci well as their teaching are free (2)The ls of all kinds and grades () Public and private bodies have the right to establish schools and educational institutes without financial obligations to the state (4)The law defining rights and obligations of those private schools requesting recognition has to guarantee full liberty to them and equal treatment with pupils of public schools (5) Exams are defined for admission to various types and grades of schools, as final course exams, and for professional qualification (6)Institutions of higher learning, universities, and academies have the autonomy to establish by-laws within the limits of state law. Article 34[Education] (1)Schools are open to everyone (2) Primary education, given for at least eight years, is compulsory and free of tuition (3) Pupils of ability and merit, even if lacking financial resources, have the right to attain the highest grades of studies (4)The republic furthers the realization of this right by scholarships, allowances to families, and other provisions, to be assigned througl competitive examinations Title Ill Economic relations Article 35 Labor (1) The republic protects labor in all its forms (2) It provides for the training and professional enhancement of workers (3) It promotes and encourages international treaties and institutions aiming to assert and regulate labor rights. (4)It recognizes the freedom to emigrate, except for legal limitations for the common good, and protects italian labor abroad Article 36 [ Wages (1) Workers are entitled to remuneration commensurate with the quantity and quality of their work, and in any case sufficient to ensure to them and their families a free and honorable existence (2)The law establishes limits to the length of the working day ()Workers are entitled to a weekly day of rest and to annual paid holidays, they cannot relinquish this right Article 37 [Equality of Women at Work (1)Working women are entitled to equal rights and, for comparable jobs, equal pay as men. Working conditions habe to be such as to allow women to fulfill their essential family duties and ensure an adequate protection of mothers and children (2)The law defines a minimal age for paid labor, (3)The republic establishes special measures protecting juvenile labor and guarantees equal pay for comparable work. Article 38 [ Welfare] (1)All citizens unable to work and lacking the resources necessary for their existence are entitled to private and social assistance (2)Workers are entitled to adequate insurance for their needs in case of accident, illness, disability, old age, and involuntar () Disabled and handicapped persons are entitled to education and vocational training (4)These responsibilities are entrusted to public bodies and institutions established or supplemented by the state (5) Private welfare work is fre Article 39 [Trade Unions] (I)The organization of trade unions is free. (2) No obligation may be imposed on trade unions except the duty to register at local or central offices as provided by law ()Trade unions are only registered on condition that their by-laws lead to internal organization of democratic character. (4)Registered trade unions are legal persons. Being represented in proportion to their registered members, they may jointly enter into collective labor contracts which are mandatory for all who belong to the respective industry of these contracts. Article 40 [Right to Strike) The right to strike is exercised according to the law Article 41 [Freedom of Enterprise] (1) Private economic enterprise is free. (2) It may not be carried out against the common good or in a way that may harm public security, liberty, or human dignity
regard to large families. (2) The republic protects maternity, infancy, and youth; it supports and encourages institutions needed for this purpose. Article 32 [Health] (1) The republic protects individual health as a basic right and in the public interest; it provides free medical care to the poor. (2) Nobody may be forcefully submitted to medical treatment except as regulated by law. That law may in no case violate the limits imposed by the respect for the human being. Article 33 [Freedom of Arts, Science and Teaching] (1) The arts and sciences as well as their teaching are free. (2) The republic adopts general norms for education and establishes public schools of all kinds and grades (3) Public and private bodies have the right to establish schools and educational institutes without financial obligations to the state. (4) The law defining rights and obligations of those private schools requesting recognition has to guarantee full liberty to them and equal treatment with pupils of public schools. (5) Exams are defined for admission to various types and grades of schools, as final course exams, and for professional qualification. (6) Institutions of higher learning, universities, and academies have the autonomy to establish by-laws within the limits of state law. Article 34 [Education] (1) Schools are open to everyone. (2) Primary education, given for at least eight years, is compulsory and free of tuition. (3) Pupils of ability and merit, even if lacking financial resources, have the right to attain the highest grades of studies. (4) The republic furthers the realization of this right by scholarships, allowances to families, and other provisions, to be assigned through competitive examinations. Title III Economic Relations Article 35 [Labor] (1) The republic protects labor in all its forms. (2) It provides for the training and professional enhancement of workers. (3) It promotes and encourages international treaties and institutions aiming to assert and regulate labor rights. (4) It recognizes the freedom to emigrate, except for legal limitations for the common good, and protects italian labor abroad. Article 36 [Wages] (1) Workers are entitled to remuneration commensurate with the quantity and quality of their work, and in any case sufficient to ensure to them and their families a free and honorable existence. (2) The law establishes limits to the length of the working day. (3) Workers are entitled to a weekly day of rest and to annual paid holidays; they cannot relinquish this right. Article 37 [Equality of Women at Work] (1) Working women are entitled to equal rights and, for comparable jobs, equal pay as men. Working conditions habe to be such as to allow women to fulfill their essential family duties and ensure an adequate protection of mothers and children. (2) The law defines a minimal age for paid labor. (3) The republic establishes special measures protecting juvenile labor and guarantees equal pay for comparable work. Article 38 [Welfare] (1) All citizens unable to work and lacking the resources necessary for their existence are entitled to private and social assistance. (2) Workers are entitled to adequate insurance for their needs in case of accident, illness, disability, old age, and involuntary unemployment. (3) Disabled and handicapped persons are entitled to education and vocational training. (4) These responsibilities are entrusted to public bodies and institutions established or supplemented by the state. (5) Private welfare work is free. Article 39 [Trade Unions] (1) The organization of trade unions is free. (2) No obligation may be imposed on trade unions except the duty to register at local or central offices as provided by law. (3) Trade unions are only registered on condition that their by-laws lead to internal organization of democratic character. (4) Registered trade unions are legal persons. Being represented in proportion to their registered members, they may jointly enter into collective labor contracts which are mandatory for all who belong to the respective industry of these contracts. Article 40 [Right to Strike] The right to strike is exercised according to the law. Article 41 [Freedom of Enterprise] (1) Private economic enterprise is free. (2) It may not be carried out against the common good or in a way that may harm public security, liberty, or human dignity
( ) The law determines appropriate planning and controls so that public and private economic activities may be directed and coordinated towards social ends Article 42 [Property] (1) Property is public or private. Economic goods may belong to the state, to public bodies, or to private persons. 2)Private ownership is recognized and guaranteed by laws determining the manner of acquisition and enjoymend and its limits, in order to ensure its social function and to make it accessible to al (3) Private property, determined by law and with compensation, may be expropriated for reasons of common interest. (4)The law establishes the rules of legitimate and testamentary succession and its limits and the states right to the heritage Article 43 Expropriation To the end of the general good, the law may reserve establishment or transfer, by expropriation with compensation, to the state, public bodies, or workers or consumer communities, specific enterprises or categories of enterprises of primary common interest for essential public services or energy sources, or act as monopolies in the preeminate public interest. Article 44 Land) (I)For the purpose of ensuring rational utilization of land and establishing equitable social relations, the law imposes obligations on and limitations to private ownership of land, defines its limits depending on the regions and the various agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land cultivation, transformation of large estates, and the reorganization of productive units; it assists small and medium sized farms 2)The law favors mountainous areas Article 45[Cooperatives and Handicrafts (1)The republic recognizes the social function of cooperation for mutual benefit free of private speculation. The law promotes and encourages its implementation with suitable provisions and its character and purposes through proper controls (2)The law protects and promotes the development of handicrafts Article 46 [Workers Participation In order to achieve the economic and social enhancement of labor and in accordance with the requirements of production, the republic the right of workers to collaborate, within the forms and limits defined by law, in the management of companies. Article 47 Savings] (1)The republic encourages and protects savings in all its forms, regulates, coordinates and controls the provision of credit (2)It favors access savings for the purchase of homes, for worker-owned farms, and for direct or indirect investment in shares of the Title iv political rights Article 48 Voting Rights (1)All citizens, men or women, who have attained their majority are entitled to vote. (2)Voting is personal, equal, free, and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty. () The law defines the conditions under which the citizens residing abroad effectively exercise their electoral right. To this end, a constituency of italians abroad is established for the election of the Chambers, to which a fixed number of seats is assigned b constitutional law in accordance with criteria determined by law (4)The right to vote may not be limited except for incapacity, as a consequence of an irrevocable criminal sentence, or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law Article 49 [Political Parties] All citizens have the right to freely associate in political parties in order to contribute by democratic methods to determine national policy Article 50[Petitions] All citizens may address petitions to the Chambers demanding legislative measures or presenting general needs. Article 51 [Public Offices] (1) Citizens of one or the other sex are eligible for public office and for elective positions under equal conditions, a to the rules established by law. To this end, the republic adopts specific measures in order to promote equal chances for men and (2)The law may, regarding their night to be selected for public positions and elective offices, grant to those italians who do not belong to the republic the same opportunities as citizens (3)Anyone elected to public office is entitled to the time necessary for the fulfillment of the respective duties while keeping his or her job Article 52[Military Service] (1)The defense of the fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen. (2)Military service is compulsory within the limits and under the terms of the law. The fulfillment of military duties may not prejudice a citizens position as an employee, nor the exercise of his political rights. ()The rules about armed forces must conform to the democratic spirit of the republic Article 53 [Taxation (1) Everyone has to contribute to public expenditure in proportion to their capacity (2)The tax system has to conform to the principle of progression
(3) The law determines appropriate planning and controls so that public and private economic activities may be directed and coordinated towards social ends. Article 42 [Property] (1) Property is public or private. Economic goods may belong to the state, to public bodies, or to private persons. (2) Private ownership is recognized and guaranteed by laws determining the manner of acquisition and enjoymend and its limits, in order to ensure its social function and to make it accessible to all. (3) Private property, in cases determined by law and with compensation, may be expropriated for reasons of common interest. (4) The law establishes the rules of legitimate and testamentary succession and its limits and the states right to the heritage. Article 43 [Expropriation] To the end of the general good, the law may reserve establishment or transfer, by expropriation with compensation, to the state, public bodies, or workers or consumer communities, specific enterprises or categories of enterprises of primary common interest for essential public services or energy sources, or act as monopolies in the preeminate public interest. Article 44 [Land] (1) For the purpose of ensuring rational utilization of land and establishing equitable social relations, the law imposes obligations on and limitations to private ownership of land, defines its limits depending on the regions and the various agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land cultivation, transformation of large estates, and the reorganization of productive units; it assists small and medium sized farms. (2) The law favors mountainous areas. Article 45 [Cooperatives and Handicrafts] (1) The republic recognizes the social function of cooperation for mutual benefit free of private speculation. The law promotes and encourages its implementation with suitable provisions and ensures its character and purposes through proper controls. (2) The law protects and promotes the development of handicrafts. Article 46 [Workers Participation] In order to achieve the economic and social enhancement of labor and in accordance with the requirements of production, the republic recognizes the right of workers to collaborate, within the forms and limits defined by law, in the management of companies. Article 47 [Savings] (1) The republic encourages and protects savings in all its forms, regulates, coordinates and controls the provision of credit. (2) It favors access savings for the purchase of homes, for worker-owned farms, and for direct or indirect investment in shares of the countrys large productive enterprises. Title IV Political Rights Article 48 [Voting Rights] (1) All citizens, men or women, who have attained their majority are entitled to vote. (2) Voting is personal, equal, free, and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty. (3) The law defines the conditions under which the citizens residing abroad effectively exercise their electoral right. To this end, a constituency of italians abroad is established for the election of the Chambers, to which a fixed number of seats is assigned by constitutional law in accordance with criteria determined by law. (4) The right to vote may not be limited except for incapacity, as a consequence of an irrevocable criminal sentence, or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law. Article 49 [Political Parties] All citizens have the right to freely associate in political parties in order to contribute by democratic methods to determine national policy. Article 50 [Petitions] All citizens may address petitions to the Chambers demanding legislative measures or presenting general needs. Article 51 [Public Offices] (1) Citizens of one or the other sex are eligible for public office and for elective positions under equal conditions, according to the rules established by law. To this end, the republic adopts specific measures in order to promote equal chances for men and women. (2) The law may, regarding their right to be selected for public positions and elective offices, grant to those italians who do not belong to the republic the same opportunities as citizens. (3) Anyone elected to public office is entitled to the time necessary for the fulfillment of the respective duties while keeping his or her job. Article 52 [Military Service] (1) The defense of the fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen. (2) Military service is compulsory within the limits and under the terms of the law. The fulfillment of military duties may not prejudice a citizens position as an employee, nor the exercise of his political rights. (3) The rules about armed forces must conform to the democratic spirit of the republic. Article 53 [Taxation] (1) Everyone has to contribute to public expenditure in proportion to their capacity. (2) The tax system has to conform to the principle of progression