M.hominis(人型支原体）andM.urealyticum(支原体）areagentsof sexuallytransmittedinfections of thereproductivetract and kidneys, and more recently, of fetal infections.M. incognitos is a recently identified pathogen that causes systemic infection bysuppressing theimmune system.Chapter2Reviewquestion1.Diagram each of the following flagellar arrangements:(a) Lophotrichous(b) Monotrichous(c) Peritrichous2 Endospore formation is calledIt is initiatedbyFormation ofanewcell from an endosporeiscalled..This processistriggered by3.Draw the bacterial shapes listed in a, b, and c. Show how d, e, and fare special conditionsof a, b, and c, respectively.(a) Spiral(d) Spirochete(b) Bacillus(e) Streptobacilli(c) Coccus(f) Staphylococci4. List three differences between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.5.Match the structures to their functionsCell AProtection from osmotic lysisEnd B: AttachmentFimt c:Protection from phagocytesFlag D: Restingcaup E: Protein synthesisPlas! F: Selectively permeableRiba I:Transfer of genetic material6.Ofwhat value is eachof the followingtothe cell?(a) Metachromatic granules(b) Polysaccharide granules(c) Lipid inclusions(d) Sulfur granules(e) Carboxysomes(f) Gas vacuoles7. Why is an endospore called a resting structure? Of what advantage is an endospore to abacterial cell?8.Compare and contrast the following:Protoplasts and spheroplastspenicillin and lyzosomeFlagella and fimbriaerickttsiae and chlamydias11
11 M. hominis(人型支原体) and M. urealyticum(脲支原体) are agents of sexually transmitted infections of the reproductive tract and kidneys, and more recently, of fetal infections. M. incognitos is a recently identified pathogen that causes systemic infection by suppressing the immune system. Chapter 2 Review question 1. Diagram each of the follow in g flagellar arrangem e nts: (a) Lophotrich ous (b) Monotric hous (c) Peritrichous 2. Endospore formation is called _ It is initiated by _ . Formatio n of a new cell from an endospore is called . .This process is triggere d by 3.Draw the bacterial shapes listed in a, b, and c. Show how d, e, and f are special conditi o n s of a, b, and c, respectively. (a) Spiral (d) Spiroch ete (b) Bacillus (e) Streptoba cilli (c) Coccus (f) Staphylococci 4. List three differe nces betwee n procaryotic and eucary otic cells. 5.Matc h the structu res to their functions. 6. Of what value is each of the follow ing to the cell? (a) Metac hrom atic granules (b) Polysac charide granules (c) Lipid inclusions (d) Sulfur granules (e) Carboxysomes (f) Gas vacuoles 7. Why is an endospore called a resting structure? Of what advanta ge is an endospo re to a bacte ria l cell? 8. Compa re and contrast the follo w in g: Protopl asts and spherop lasts penicil lin and lyzosom e Flage lla and fimbriae rickt tsia e and chlam ydi as Cell wall Endospore Fimbriae Flagella caupsle Plasm a membran e Ribosom e A:Protection from osmotic lysis B: Attac hm en t C: Protec tion from phagocytes D: Resting E: Prote in synthesis F: Selectively permea ble I: Transfer of genetic material
9.Answer the following questions using the diagrams below, which represent cross sectionsof bacterial cell walls.(a) Which diagram represents a gram-positive bacterium? How can you tell?(b)Explain howthe Gram stain works to distinguish between these twotypes ofcell walls.(c) Why does penicillin have no effect on most gram negative cells?(d) How do essential molecules enter cells through each wall?Lipopoly saccharideTeichoic acidPhospholipidLipoproteinPeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan CellmembraneCell membrane10.Why can procaryotic cells be smaller than eucaryotic cells and still carry on all thefunctions for life?11.Twotypes of procaryotic cells havebeen distinguished:eubacterial and archaeobacterial.Howdo these cells differ from each other?How are they similar?12,What is theevolutionary advantage ofthemonolayeroften foundin Archaealmembranes?13.Bacillus subtilis is a common soil bacterium.What genus does B. subtilis belong to?14. Although prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished by nuclear structure, other importantdifferences exist between thesetwo celltypes.Prokaryotes aresmallerin sizethan eukaryotes, andeukaryotes contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles within which many importantfunctions are carried out. The small size of prokaryotic cells affects their physiology, growth rate,and ecology.oList threemorphological typesof prokaryotes.What is a flagellum, and what does it do?What physical property of cells increases as cells become smaller?15.Thecell walls of Bacteria containapolysaccharidecalled peptidoglycan.This material consistsofstrands of alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, with the lattercross-linked between strands by short peptides.Archaea lack peptidoglycan but contain walls made12
12 9.Answ er the followin g questions using the diagram s belo w, which represent cross sect i o n s of bacte ria l cell walls. (a) Which diagram represents a gram-positiv e bacterium ? How can you tell? (b) Explain how the Gram stain works to distinguish betw ee n these two types of cell wal l s . (c) Why does penic ill in have no effec t on most gram negative cells? (d) How do essentia l molec ules enter cells through each wall? 10.Why can procaryotic cells be smaller than eucaryotic cells and still carry on all the functions for life? 11.Two types of procaryotic cells have been distinguished: eubacterial and archaeobacterial. How do these cells differ from each other? How are they similar? 12. What is the evolutionary advantage of the monolayer often found in Archaeal membranes? 13. Bacillus subtilis is a common soil bacterium. What genus does B. subtilis belong to? 14. Although prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished by nuclear structure, other important differences exist between these two cell types. Prokaryotes are smaller in size than eukaryotes, and eukaryotes contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles within which many important functions are carried out. The small size of prokaryotic cells affects their physiology, growth rate, and ecology. ●List three morphological types of prokaryotes. ●What is a flagellum, and what does it do? ●What physical property of cells increases as cells become smaller? 15. The cell walls of Bacteria contain a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan. This material consists of strands of alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, with the latter cross-linked between strands by short peptides. Archaea lack peptidoglycan but contain walls made Lipopolysaccharide Phospholipid Lipoprotein Peptidoglycan Cell membrane Teichoic acid Peptidoglycan Cell membrane