《微生物学》双语教学授课教案授课教师：李淑彬华南师范大学生命科学学院2003.21
1 《微生物学》双语教学 授课教案 授课教师：李淑彬 华南师范大学生命科学学院 2003.2
Chapter1Theintroductionofmicrobiology第1章绪论Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiology isspecializedarea ofbiologythatdealswithlivingthingsordinarily too small tobe seen with the naked eyes.Microorganisms（微生物，microbe）：Microorganismsare defined as the organisms that areso small that,normally,it cannot be seen without the use of a mocriscope.Theword isthereforeusedtodescribevirus,bacreria,fungi,protozoomandsomealgaeBacteria(细菌）：Bacteria are some small,single celle organisms.Because theyhaveno nucleus,the cells are described as prokaryotes.Fungi（真菌）：Fungi（mushrooms（蘑菇），molds（霉菌），andyeasts）haveeukaryotic（真核的）cells (with a true nucleus).Most fungi are multicellular.Fungi obtain nutrients byabsorbing organic material from their environment.Protozoom(原生动物)：Protozoans are unicellular eucaryotes and are classified according totheir means of locomotion. Protozoans obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion throughspecialized structures.Algae （藻类)：Alage are unicellular ormulticellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment byphotosynthesis.Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.Viruses（病毒)：Viruses arenoncellular entitiesthatareparasites ofcells.Virusesconsist ofanucleicacid core(DNAor RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coatAbrief history ofmicrobiologyThe scienceof microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Antoine van Leeuwenhoek madetheir first records offungi, bacteria and protozoa.The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbesin the environment and medicine were made. Louis Pasteur disproved the theory ofspontaneous generation（自然发生）（that living organisms spontaneously arose frominorganic material) and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him toshowunequivocally that a bacterium was responsible for a particular disease. Sincethen thescience has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on all aspects of life and theenvironment.2.Louis Pasteur stated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof ofbiogenesisLouisPasteurdiscoveriesledtothe developmemt of aseptic（无菌的）techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination bymicroorangisms that are in the air.Louis Pasteur found that yeast ferments（发酵）sugarto alchhol and that can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid.A heating process called pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）isusedtokillbacteriainsomealcoholbeveragesandmilks.JosephListerintroducedtheuseofadisinfectant（消毒）tocleansurgicaldressings inordertocontrolinfections in humans.Robert Koch proved that microorganisms transmit diseases.He used asequenceofprocedures calledKoch'spostulates（科赫法则）Whichareused todayto provethat a particular microorganism casues a particular disease.Koch's postulates:2
2 Chapter1 The introduction of microbiology 第 1 章绪论 Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiology is specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eyes. Microorganisms（微生物，microbe） ：Microorganisms are defined as the organisms that are so small that ,normally,it cannot be seen without the use of a mocriscope. The word is therefore used to describe virus,bacreria,fungi,protozoom and some algae. Bacteria(细菌) ：Bacteria are some small,single celle organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotes. Fungi(真菌)：Fungi (mushrooms（蘑菇）, molds（霉菌）, and yeasts) have eukaryotic（真 核的） cells (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular.Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment. Protozoom(原生动物)：Protozoans are unicellular eucaryotes and are classified according to their means of locomotion. Protozoans obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures. Algae（藻类）：Alage are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms. Viruses（病毒）：Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat. A brief history of microbiology The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi, bacteria and protozoa. The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment and medicine were made. Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation（自然发生）(that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic material) and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was responsible for a particular disease. Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on all aspects of life and the environment. 2. Louis Pasteur stated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesisLouis Pasteur ˊdiscoveries led to the developmemt of aseptic（无菌 的 ） techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorangisms that are in the air.Louis Pasteur found that yeast ferments（发酵） sugar to alchhol and that can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid.A heating process called pasteurization （巴斯德消毒）is used to kill bacteria in some alcohol beverages and milks.Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant（消毒） to clean surgical dressings in order to control infections in humans.Robert Koch proved that microorganisms transmit diseases.He used a sequence of procedures called Koch’s postulates（科赫法则）,Which are used today to prove that a particular microorganism casues a particular disease.Koch’s postulates：
Koch's postulates are a number of criteria that have been used in the past to prove that abacterium is responsible for a particular disease.1.Thebacteria should befound inall casesand atall sites ofthedisease2.Thebacteria should be isolated fromtheinfected person and maintained in pure culture3.The pure cultured microbe should cause symptoms of the disease on inoculation intoasusceptible individual4.Thebacteria should be reisolated fromthe intentionally infected hostThe importance of microbiology:microbes in our body1.EveryonehasmicroorganismsinandonthebodySomemicroorganisms liveinhumansandotheranimalsand are needed tomaintain theanimals health.thesemake upthenormal flora（正常菌群），2.Some Microorganisms cause disease.3. The disease-producing properties of a species of microbe and the host's resistance areimportant factors in determining whether a person will contract a disease.2.MicrobesandHumanWelfare1. Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to beused by living plants and animals.2.Bacteria areused to decompose organic matter in sewage.Bioremediation processes usebacteriatocleanuptoxicwastes.3. Bacteria that cause diseases in insects are being used as biological controls of insect pests.Biological controlsarespecific forthepestanddonotharmtheenvironment.4.Usingrecombinant DNA,bacteria canproduce importanthuman proteins,suchas insulinbeta-endorphin,and hepatitis B vaccine.Microorganisms can be used to help producefoods. They are also food sources (single-cell protein) themselves.3.As a basic biological science:microorganisms are the best model systems for understandingbasic lifeprocesses.All cells have much in common, what is truefor E. coli is also truefor elephant, only moreSOSimple yet representativeEasiness and quickness to growlargequantityCommon characterizesof microorganism·Big surface/volume·High absorption and transformation·Rapid growth and reproductionEasiness to variation·high adaptation to environment·DiversityReview question3
3 Koch's postulates are a number of criteria that have been used in the past to prove that a bacterium is responsible for a particular disease. 1. The bacteria should be found in all cases and at all sites of the disease. 2. The bacteria should be isolated from the infected person and maintained in pure culture. 3. The pure cultured microbe should cause symptoms of the disease on inoculation into a susceptible individual. 4. The bacteria should be reisolated from the intentionally infected host. The importance of microbiology： microbes in our body 1. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body Some microorganisms live in humans and other animals and are needed to maintain the animals health. these make up the normal flora （正常菌群）; 2. Some Microorganisms cause disease. 3. The disease-producing properties of a species of microbe and the host's resistance are important factors in determining whether a person will contract a disease. 2.Microbes and Human Welfare 1. Microorganisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by living plants and animals. 2. Bacteria are used to decompose organic matter in sewage. Bioremediation processes use bacteria to clean up toxic wastes. 3. Bacteria that cause diseases in insects are being used as biological controls of insect pests. Biological controls are specific for the pest and do not harm the environment. 4. Using recombinant DNA, bacteria can produce important human proteins, such as insulin, beta-endorphin, and hepatitis B vaccine.Microorganisms can be used to help produce foods.They are also food sources (single-cell protein) themselves. 3.As a basic biological science：microorganisms are the best model systems for understanding basic life processes. All cells have much in common, what is true for E. coli is also true for elephant, only more so Simple yet representative Easiness and quickness to grow large quantity Common characterizes of microorganism•Big surface/volume •High absorption and transformation •Rapid growth and reproduction •Easiness to variation •high adaptation to environment •Diversity Review question
1.Match the following people to their contribution toward the advancement of microbiology.Ehrlich(a) First to observe bacteriaFleming(b) First to observe cells inHookeplant material and name_KochthemLister(c) Disproved spontaneousPasteurgenerationVan Leeuwenhoek(d)Proved that microorganisms can cause disease(e) Discovered penicillin(f) Used the first syntheticchemotheraputic agent First to employdisinfectants in surgical procedures2. Match the following microorganisms to their descriptions.Algae(a) Not composed of cellsBacteria(b) Cell wall made of chitinFungi(c) Cell wall made ofProtozoompeptidoglycanViruses(d) Cell wall made of cellulose, photosynthetic(e) Complex cell structure lacking a cell wall3.Briefly state the role played by microorganisms in each of the following(a)Biological control of pests(b)Recycling of elements(c)Normalflora(d)Sewagetreatment(e)Human insulin production4 The microbes were first formally observed in the mid-1600's, but the cell theory wasn'tenunciated until 1839.Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become aformallyrecognized science until Pasteur's time.5.Compareandcontrasttheworksof Louis Pasteurand RobertKoch,intermsofbothapplied andbasic science.6.Microorganisms can bebothbeneficial and harmfultohumans.Although wetend toemphasizethe harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents), many more are beneficial than harmful.In what ways are microorganisms important in thefood, agriculture,and industries?7.LouisPasteursworkon spontaneousgeneration ledtothedevelopmentofmethods forcontrolof the growthof microorganisms.Robert Kochdeveloped criteria forthe studyof infectiousmicroorganisms,and developed thefirstmethodsforthegrowth of pureculturesofmicroorganismsBeijerinck and Winogradsky studied bacteria in soil and water, and developed the enrichmentculture technique. In the twentieth century, basic and applied microbiology have worked hand inhand to yield a number of important practical advances and a revolution in molecular biology.oHowdid Pasteur'sfamous experimentdefeat thetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?HowcanKoch's postulates prove cause and effect in a disease?Whowas thefirstpersontouse solid culturemedia inmicrobiology?What advantages do solid media offerfor the cultureofmicroorganisms?What istheenrichmentculturetechnique and why was it auseful newmethod inmicrobiology?4
4 1.Match the following people to their contribution toward the advancement of microbiology. _ Ehrlich (a) First to observe bacteria _ Fleming (b) First to observe cells in _ Hooke plant material and name _ Koch them _ Lister (c) Disproved spontaneous _ Pasteur generation _ Van Leeuwenhoek (d) Proved that microorganisms can cause disease (e) Discovered penicillin (f) Used the first syntheticchemotheraputic agent First to employ disinfectants in surgical procedures 2. Match the following microorganisms to their descriptions. _ Algae (a) Not composed of cells _ Bacteria (b) Cell wall made of chitin _ Fungi (c) Cell wall made of _ Protozoom peptidoglycan _ Viruses (d) Cell wall made of cellulose; photosynthetic (e) Complex cell structure lacking a cell wall 3.Briefly state the role played by microorganisms in each of the following. (a) Biological control of pests (b) Recycling of elements (c) Normal flora (d) Sewage treatment (e) Human insulin production 4 The microbes were first formally observed in the mid-1600's, but the cell theory wasn't enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Pasteur's time. 5. Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, in terms of both applied and basic science. 6. Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. Although we tend to emphasize the harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents), many more are beneficial than harmful. ●In what ways are microorganisms important in the food , agriculture,and industries? 7. Louis Pasteur´s work on spontaneous generation led to the development of methods for control of the growth of microorganisms. Robert Koch developed criteria for the study of infectious microorganisms, and developed the first methods for the growth of pure cultures of microorganisms. Beijerinck and Winogradsky studied bacteria in soil and water, and developed the enrichment culture technique. In the twentieth century, basic and applied microbiology have worked hand in hand to yield a number of important practical advances and a revolution in molecular biology. ●How did Pasteur´s famous experiment defeat the theory of spontaneous generation? ●How can Koch´s postulates prove cause and effect in a disease? ●Who was the first person to use solid culture media in microbiology? ●What advantages do solid media offer for the culture of microorganisms? ●What is the enrichment culture technique and why was it a useful new method in microbiology?
Chapter2prokayoticmicroorganism(原核微生物)第二章原核微生物prokaryotic cellsThe chief distinguishing characteristics of procaryotic cells aregenetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane.12.They lack other membrane bounded organelles.3Their DNA is not associated with histone proteins (special chromosomal proteinsfound in eucaryotes).Their cell walls almost always contain the complexpolysaccharidepeptidoglycan（肽聚糖）.Bacteria(细菌）andarchaeobacteria（古细菌）Bacteria are small, single-celled,microorganisms thatbelong to a group called prokaryotesBacteria are ubiquitous. They are a highly successful and diverse group of organisms that canobtain energy and carbon from a wide range of sources and therefore can colonize every niche onour planet from deep ocean trenches to volcanic craters. In the 1970s, using DNA sequencinginformation,itwasfoundthatthegroupweknow asthebacteriacould besplit into two,theeubacteriaand the archaeobacteria and it appears that these two groups evolved awayfrom each other very early in the history of living things at about the same time that the firstgroup of eukaryotic cells evolved. Members of the eubacteria include some of the morefamiliarbacteria such as Escherichia colt（大肠埃希氏菌）and Staphylococcusaureus（金黄色葡萄球菌）andarethe prokaryotesthat are best studiedandunderstoodThearchaebacteria are avery diverse group of organisms,which differ fromthe eubacteria （真细菌 o in a number offeatures having, in particular,very different cell walls and membranes.Thisgroup includes bacteria that arecapableofexistingin extremeenvironments。Size, Shape, and Arrangement of BacterialCellsMost bacteria are from 0.20 to 2.0 /μm in diameter and from 2 to 8μm in length.2The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus(spheres), bacillus(rods),and spiral (twisted).3.In addition to the three basic shapes, there are star-shaped cells (genus Stella) andrecentlydiscoveredsquare,flatcells(halophilic(盐的）archaeobacteria)andtriangularcells (Haloarcula)the shapeofabacterium isdetermined byheredity.However,anumberofenvironmental4conditions can alter that shape.Pleomorphic(多型性的）bacteria can assume severalshapes.Gram Stain:Theeubacteria arefrequently divided into two groups on the basis of their reaction to a stain devisedbyChristianCram in1884.Thedifferential reaction tothe stainingprocedureisbecauseof thestructure of the cell wall in these two groups of bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria have a single5
5 Chapter 2 prokayotic microorganism(原核微生物)第二章 原核微生物 prokaryotic cells The chief distinguishing characteristics of procaryotic cells are: 1. genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane. 2. They lack other membrane bounded organelles. 3. Their DNA is not associated with histone proteins (special chromosomal proteins found in eucaryotes).Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）.Bacteria(细菌) and archaeobacteria （古细菌） Bacteria are small, single-celled, microorganisms that belong to a group called prokaryotes . Bacteria are ubiquitous. They are a highly successful and diverse group of organisms that can obtain energy and carbon from a wide range of sources and therefore can colonize every niche on our planet from deep ocean trenches to volcanic craters. In the 1970s, using DNA sequencing information, it was found that the group we know as the bacteria could be split into two, the eubacteria and the archaeobacteria and it appears that these two groups evolved away from each other very early in the history of living things at about the same time that the first group of eukaryotic cells evolved. Members of the eubacteria include some of the more familiar bacteria such as Escherichia colt（大肠埃希氏菌） and Staphylococcus aureus（金 黄色葡萄球菌） and are the prokaryotes that are best studied and understood. The archaebacteria are a very diverse group of organisms, which differ from the eubacteria（真 细菌 0 in a number of features having, in particular, very different cell walls and membranes. This group includes bacteria that are capable of existing in extreme environments。 Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells 1 Most bacteria are from 0.20 to 2.0 /µm in diameter and from 2 to 8µm in length. 2 The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus(spheres), bacillus(rods),and spiral (twisted). 3 In addition to the three basic shapes, there are star-shaped cells (genus Stella) and recently discovered square, flat cells (halophilic(嗜盐的) archaeobacteria) and triangular cells (Haloarcula) 4 the shape of a bacterium is determined by heredity.However, a number of environmental conditions can alter that shape.Pleomorphic(多型性的) bacteria can assume several shapes. Gram Stain： The eubacteria are frequently divided into two groups on the basis of their reaction to a stain devised by Christian Cram in 1884. The differential reaction to the staining procedure is because of the structure of the cell wall in these two groups of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a single