Common Alkyl Groups Parent alkane Parent structure Alkyl group structure Alkyl group name methane CHa --CH3 methyl ethane CH3CH3 --CH2CH3 ethyl propane CH3CH2CH3 --CH2CH2CH3 propyl CH3CHCH3 isopropyl n-butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 --CH2CH2CH2CH3 butyl CH3CHCH2CH3 sec-butyl isobutene CH3 CH3 Isobutyl CH3CHCH3 --CH2CHCH3 CH3 CH3CCH3 t-butyl 2013 Pearson Education,Inc
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Alkyl Groups Parent alkane Parent structure Alkyl group structure Alkyl group name methane CH4 --CH3 methyl ethane CH3CH3 --CH2CH3 ethyl propane CH3CH2CH3 --CH2CH2CH3 | CH3CHCH3 propyl isopropyl n-butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 --CH2CH2CH2CH3 | CH3CHCH2CH3 butyl sec-butyl isobutene CH3 | CH3CHCH3 CH3 | --CH2CHCH3 CH3 | CH3CCH3 | Isobutyl t-butyl
Common Nonalkyl Groups Table 11.6 Common Nonalkyl Groups Group Name 一F fluoro chloro —Br bromo -I iodo -NO2 nitro -NH2 amino 2013 Pearson Education,Inc. Seager SL,Slabaugh MR,Chemistry for Today:General,Organic and Biochemistry,7th Edition,2011
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Nonalkyl Groups Seager SL, Slabaugh MR, Chemistry for Today: General, Organic and Biochemistry, 7th Edition, 2011
Applying the Naming Rules 2-methyl 4-ethyl CH3 CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH3 1 23 45 6 Name the groups attached to the longest chain as alkyl groups. Give the location of each alkyl group by the number of the main-chain carbon atom to which it is attached. Write the alkyl groups in alphabetical order regardless of their position on the chain. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane 2013 Pearson Education,Inc. Chapter 3 18
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Applying the Naming Rules CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 • Name the groups attached to the longest chain as alkyl groups. • Give the location of each alkyl group by the number of the main-chain carbon atom to which it is attached. • Write the alkyl groups in alphabetical order regardless of their position on the chain. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2-methyl 4-ethyl 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane Chapter 3 18
Multiple Groups When two or more of the same substituents are present, use the prefixes di-,tri-,tetra-,etc.to avoid having to name the alkyl group twice. CH3 CH3 CH:CH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH2CHCH3 109876,4321 CH3 Three methyl groups at positions 2,5,and 7. 2,5,7-trimethyldecane 2013 Pearson Education,Inc. Chapter 3 19
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Groups • When two or more of the same substituents are present, use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. to avoid having to name the alkyl group twice. CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH2CHCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Three methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 7. 2,5,7-trimethyldecane Chapter 3 19
Solved Problem 3-1 Give the structures of 4-isopropyloctane and 5-t-butyldecane. Solution:4-lsopropyloctane has a chain of eight carbons,with an isopropyl group on the fourth carbon.5-t-Butyldecane has a chain of ten carbons, with a t-butyl group on the fifth. CH一CH一CH CH,-CH,-CH,-CH一CH,-CH2一CH2一CH 4-isopropyloctane CH, CH,-C-CH, CH,-CH2-CH,-CH2-CH-CH2一CH2一CH,-CH,一CH 5-tert-butyldecane 2013 Pearson Education,Inc. Chapter 3 20
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Solution: 4-Isopropyloctane has a chain of eight carbons, with an isopropyl group on the fourth carbon. 5-t-Butyldecane has a chain of ten carbons, with a t-butyl group on the fifth. Solved Problem 3-1 Give the structures of 4-isopropyloctane and 5-t-butyldecane. Chapter 3 20