Validity有效、合法性 .Adduce提出、举出（某事物）为证 Foreman领班、工头 Absurdity荒谬、荒废 .Violation违反、亵渎、侵犯 Resentment愤怒、怨恨 Heterogeneous由不同种类组成的 Profound深奥的 Omniscience全能、无限权力 Salvation避免损失的途径或方法
◦Validity 有效、合法性 ◦Adduce 提出、举出（某事物）为证 ◦Foreman 领班、工头 ◦Absurdity 荒谬、荒废 ◦Violation 违反、亵渎、侵犯 Resentment 愤怒、怨恨 Heterogeneous 由不同种类组成的 Profound 深奥的 Omniscience 全能、无限权力 Salvation 避免损失的途径或方法
Restraint抑制、管制 .Maneuver谨慎而熟练的工人 Propaganda宣传、传播 Detachable可拆的、可分离的 oCut狂人的献身或崇拜 Prophet先知 .Thw art阻挠、阻止 Reconcile调和 Rigorous严格的、严厉的
◦Restraint 抑制、管制 ◦Maneuver 谨慎而熟练的工人 ◦Propaganda 宣传、传播 ◦Detachable 可拆的、可分离的 ◦Cult 狂人的献身或崇拜 ◦Prophet 先知 ◦Thwart 阻挠、阻止 ◦Reconcile 调和 ◦Rigorous 严格的、严厉的
.Juncture结合点 Paramount最重要的、至上的 Mayoralty市长职位、市长任期 Apex顶点、最高点 oInstitutionalize制度化的 o Fiscal财政 Elaborated详尽而复杂的 Suborganize再组织、进一步组织
◦Juncture 结合点 ◦Paramount 最重要的、至上的 ◦Mayoralty 市长职位、市长任期 ◦Apex 顶点、最高点 ◦Institutionalize 制度化的 ◦Fiscal 财政 ◦Elaborated 详尽而复杂的 ◦Suborganize 再组织、进一步组织
Outline of this Paper 1. Introduction 2. The Division of Work a.Why divide Work? b.The Limits of Division 3. The Co-ordination of Work a.introduction:two primary ways;limiting factors(size;time; time and habit); b. Five principles:Organization;the Span of Control;One master; Technical Efficiency;Control of specialists. 4. Organization Patterns a. Organized from both top and bottom; b. Duties of a chief executive:POSDCORB
Outline of this Paper
Why Divide Work? Because men differ in nature,capacity and skill, and gain greatly in dexterity by specialization; Because the same man cannot be at two places at the same time; Because one man cannot do two things at the same time; Because the range of knowledge and skill is so great that a man cannot within his life-span know more than a small fraction of it.In other words,it is a question of human nature,time,and space
Why Divide Work? ◆Because men differ in nature, capacity and skill, and gain greatly in dexterity by specialization; ◆Because the same man cannot be at two places at the same time; ◆Because one man cannot do two things at the same time; ◆Because the range of knowledge and skill is so great that a man cannot within his life-span know more than a small fraction of it. In other words, it is a question of human nature, time, and space