Mader: Understanding ② The McG Human Anatomy ysiology, Fifth Edition Homeostasis and Body Systems Igure 1. 9 Regulation of tissue fluid composition. Cells are The internal environment of the body consists of blood and urrounded by tissue fluid (blue), which is continually refreshed because oxygen and nutrient molecules constantly exit the le fluid. Tissue fluid, which bathes all the cells of the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide and waste molecules continually body, is refreshed when molecules such as oxygen and nutri- enter the bloods oIm move from tissue fluid into the blood(Fig. 1.9). Tissue fluid blood flow emains constant only as long as blood composition remains constant red blood sterile As described in the Human Systems Work Together illus- cell tration on page 13, all systems of the body contribute toward maintaining homeostasis and therefore a relatively constant internal environment. The cardiovascular system conducts blood to and away from capillaries, where exchange occurs The heart pumps the blood and thereby keeps it moving to- oxygen and nutrients ward the capillaries. The formed elements also contribute to homeostasis. Red blood cells transport oxygen and participate in the transport of carbon dioxide. Platelets participate in the clotting process. The lymphatic system is accessory to the car- tissue diovascular system Lymphatic capill aries collect excess tissue fluid, and this is returned via lymphatic veins to the cardio- cular ve free of pathogens. This action is assisted by the white blood and cells that are housed within lymph nodes The respiratory system adds oxygen to and removes car- venule bon dioxide from the blood. It also plays a role in regulating blood pH because removal of CO2 causes the ph to rise and blood flow helps prevent acidosis. The digestive system takes in and di gests food, providing nutrient molecules that enter the blood and replace the nutrients that are constantly being used by the body cells. The liver, an organ that assists the digestive process systems so that homeostasis is maintained. We have already producing bile, also plays a significa nt role in seen that in negative feedback mechanisms, sensory recepto blood composition. Immediately after glucose enters the send nerve impulses to regulatory centers in the brain, which blood, any excess is removed by the liver and stored as glyco- then direct effectors to become active. Effectors can be mus- gen. Later, the glycogen can be broken down to replace the cles or glands. Muscles bring about an immediate change En- glucose used by the body cells; in this way, the glucose com- docrine glands secrete hormones that bring about a sl position of blood remains constant. The liver also removes more lasting change that keeps the internal environment toxic chemicals, such as ingested alcohol and other drugs. The tively stable. liver makes urea, a nitrogenous end product of protein me creted by the kidneys, which are a part of the urinary system. Disease Urine formation by the kidneys is extremely critical to the Disease is present when homeostasis fails and the body (or body, not only because it rids the body of unwanted sub- part of the body) no longer functions properly. The effects stances, but also because urine formation offers an opportu- may be limited or widespread. A local disease is more or les nity to carefully regulate blood volume, salt balance, and ph stricted to a specific part of the body On the other hand, a sys Le The integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems pro- temic disease affects the entire body or involves several orgar tect the internal organs we have been discussing. In addition, systems. Diseases may also be classified on the basis of their the integumentary system produces vitamin D, while the severity and duration. Acute diseases occur suddenly and skeletal system stores minerals and produces the blood cells. generally last a short time. Chronic diseases tend to be less muscular system produces the heat that maintains the in severe, develop slowly, and are long term. The medical profession has many ways of diagnosing dis- The nervous system and the endocrine system regulate the ease including, as discussed in the Medical Focus on page 14, other systems of the body. They work together to control body imaging internal body parts Part I Human Organization
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Homeostasis and Body Systems The internal environment of the body consists of blood and tissue fluid. Tissue fluid, which bathes all the cells of the body, is refreshed when molecules such as oxygen and nutrients move into tissue fluid from the blood, and when wastes move from tissue fluid into the blood (Fig. 1.9). Tissue fluid remains constant only as long as blood composition remains constant. As described in the Human Systems Work Together illustration on page 13, all systems of the body contribute toward maintaining homeostasis and therefore a relatively constant internal environment. The cardiovascular system conducts blood to and away from capillaries, where exchange occurs. The heart pumps the blood and thereby keeps it moving toward the capillaries. The formed elements also contribute to homeostasis. Red blood cells transport oxygen and participate in the transport of carbon dioxide. Platelets participate in the clotting process. The lymphatic system is accessory to the cardiovascular system. Lymphatic capillaries collect excess tissue fluid, and this is returned via lymphatic veins to the cardiovascular veins. Lymph nodes help purify lymph and keep it free of pathogens. This action is assisted by the white blood cells that are housed within lymph nodes. The respiratory system adds oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. It also plays a role in regulating blood pH because removal of CO2 causes the pH to rise and helps prevent acidosis. The digestive system takes in and digests food, providing nutrient molecules that enter the blood and replace the nutrients that are constantly being used by the body cells. The liver, an organ that assists the digestive process by producing bile, also plays a significant role in regulating blood composition. Immediately after glucose enters the blood, any excess is removed by the liver and stored as glycogen. Later, the glycogen can be broken down to replace the glucose used by the body cells; in this way, the glucose composition of blood remains constant. The liver also removes toxic chemicals, such as ingested alcohol and other drugs. The liver makes urea, a nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism. Urea and other metabolic waste molecules are excreted by the kidneys, which are a part of the urinary system. Urine formation by the kidneys is extremely critical to the body, not only because it rids the body of unwanted substances, but also because urine formation offers an opportunity to carefully regulate blood volume, salt balance, and pH. The integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems protect the internal organs we have been discussing. In addition, the integumentary system produces vitamin D, while the skeletal system stores minerals and produces the blood cells. The muscular system produces the heat that maintains the internal temperature. The nervous system and the endocrine system regulate the other systems of the body. They work together to control body systems so that homeostasis is maintained. We have already seen that in negative feedback mechanisms, sensory receptors send nerve impulses to regulatory centers in the brain, which then direct effectors to become active. Effectors can be muscles or glands. Muscles bring about an immediate change. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that bring about a slower, more lasting change that keeps the internal environment relatively stable. Disease Disease is present when homeostasis fails and the body (or part of the body) no longer functions properly. The effects may be limited or widespread. A local disease is more or less restricted to a specific part of the body. On the other hand, a systemic disease affects the entire body or involves several organ systems. Diseases may also be classified on the basis of their severity and duration. Acute diseases occur suddenly and generally last a short time. Chronic diseases tend to be less severe, develop slowly, and are long term. The medical profession has many ways of diagnosing disease including, as discussed in the Medical Focus on page 14, imaging internal body parts. 12 Part I Human Organization arteriole venule red blood cell oxygen and nutrients carbon dioxide and wastes capillary tissue fluid tissue cell blood flow blood flow Figure 1.9 Regulation of tissue fluid composition. Cells are surrounded by tissue fluid (blue), which is continually refreshed because oxygen and nutrient molecules constantly exit the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide and waste molecules continually enter the bloodstream
Mader: Understanding ② The McG ysiology, Fifth Edition Human Systems Work Together Integumentary System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System blood of Extemal support and helps maintain oxygen; helps maintain the pH of the blood. Skeletal System ymphatlc System/Immunity Drainage of tissue of blood cells fluid and keeps it free Muscular Syst Digestive System Breakdown of food eat that maintains nutrients into blood ody temperature Nervous System UrInary System egulatory centers ystems: leaming EndocrIne System Reproductive System excretion of female system wh development occurs. Chapter 1 Organization of the Body13
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Chapter 1 Organization of the Body 13 Human Systems Work Together Secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of all body systems. Regulatory centers for control of all body systems; learning and memory. Body movement; production of heat that maintains body temperature. Internal support and protection; body movement; production of blood cells. External support and protection of body; helps maintain body temperature. Transport of nutrients to body cells and transport of wastes away from cells. Drainage of tissue fluid; purifies tissue fluid and keeps it free of pathogens. Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients into blood. Maintenance of volume and chemical composition of blood. Production of sperm and egg; transfer of sperm to female system where development occurs. Cardiovascular System Rids the blood of carbon dioxide and supplies the blood with oxygen; helps maintain the pH of the blood
Mader: Understanding ② The McG Companies, 2004 ysiology, Fifth Edition Medical focus magin ig the body Imaging the body for diagnosis of disease is based on chemical properties of subatomic particles. For example, X rays, which are produced when high-speed electrons strike a heavy metal, have long been used to image body parts. Dense structures such as bone absorb X rays well and show up as light areas; soft tissue absorb X rays to a lesser extent and show up as dark areas on pho tographic film. During CAT(computerized axial tomography) scans, X rays are sent through the body at various angles, and a omputer uses the X-ray information to form a series of cross sec- tions(Fig. 1B). CAT scanning has reduced the need for ex ploratory surgery and can guide the surgeon in visualizing com- plex body structures during surgical procedures PET (positron emission tomography) is a variation on CT canning. Radioactively labeled substances are injected into body: metabolically active tissues tend to take up these substances and then emit gamma rays. A computer uses the gamma-ray infor- mation to again generate cross-sectional images of the body, but igure 1B CAT (computerized axial tomography) this time, the image indicates metabolic activity, not structure( see Fig. 2.3). PET scanning is used to diagnose brain disorders, such as a brain tumor, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, or stroke. with many hydrogen atoms (such as fat)show up as bright areas, During MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), the patient lies in while tissues with few hydrogen atoms(such as bone) appear a massive, hollow, cylindrical magnet and is exposed to short bursts black. This is the opposite of an X ray, which is why MRI is more of a powerful magnetic field. This causes the protons in the nuclei useful than an X ray for imaging soft tissues. However, many peo. of hydrogen atoms to align. Then, when exposed to strong radio ple cannot undergo MRI, because the magnetic field can actually waves, the protons move out of alignment and produce signals. A pull a metal object out of the body, such as a tooth filling, a pros- computer changes these signals into an image(see page 1) Tissues thesis, or a pacemaker Selected new Terms Basic Key Terms pleurae(plure), p.7 abdominal cavity (ab-dom'i-nal kav'i-te),p7 positive feedback(poz'i-tiv fed'bak,p.ll abdominopelvic cavity(ab-domi-no-pel'vik kav'i-te,p 6 proximal(prok'si-mal),.3 anatomy(uh-nat'o-me), p 2 sagittal plane(saj i-tal plan),p.5 cranial cavity(kra'ne-al kav'i-te),p.6 serous membrane(ser us membran),p.6 distal (distal), p3 thoracic cavity(tho-ras' ik kav/i-te),p.6 homeostasis(ho"me-o-sta'sis), p10 transverse plane(trans-vers' plan),p.5 lateral(lat'er-al), p. 3 viscera(vis'er-uh),p.6 medial(me'de-al), p. 3 Clinical Key Terms mediastinum(me"de-uh-sti' num),p.6 negative feedback(neg uh-tiv fed'bak), p.10 disease(di-zez'), p.12 pelvic cavity(pel,vik kav/i-te), p.7 in transplantation(or gun trans-plan-ta' shun), p.8 pericardium(per"i-kar'de-um),p.7 peritonitis(per"i-to-ni'tis), p. 7 peritoneum(per"i-to-ne'um), p7 spinal meningitis(spinal men"in-ji'tis), p.6 physiology (fiz"e-olo-je),p 2 systemic disease(sis-tem'ik di-zez/),p. 12 14 Part I Human Organization
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 14 Part I Human Organization Imaging the Body Imaging the body for diagnosis of disease is based on chemical properties of subatomic particles. For example, X rays, which are produced when high-speed electrons strike a heavy metal, have long been used to image body parts. Dense structures such as bone absorb X rays well and show up as light areas; soft tissues absorb X rays to a lesser extent and show up as dark areas on photographic film. During CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans, X rays are sent through the body at various angles, and a computer uses the X-ray information to form a series of cross sections (Fig. 1B). CAT scanning has reduced the need for exploratory surgery and can guide the surgeon in visualizing complex body structures during surgical procedures. PET (positron emission tomography) is a variation on CT scanning. Radioactively labeled substances are injected into the body; metabolically active tissues tend to take up these substances and then emit gamma rays. A computer uses the gamma-ray information to again generate cross-sectional images of the body, but this time, the image indicates metabolic activity, not structure (see Fig. 2.3). PET scanning is used to diagnose brain disorders, such as a brain tumor, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, or stroke. During MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), the patient lies in a massive, hollow, cylindrical magnet and is exposed to short bursts of a powerful magnetic field. This causes the protons in the nuclei of hydrogen atoms to align. Then, when exposed to strong radio waves, the protons move out of alignment and produce signals. A computer changes these signals into an image (see page 1). Tissues with many hydrogen atoms (such as fat) show up as bright areas, while tissues with few hydrogen atoms (such as bone) appear black. This is the opposite of an X ray, which is why MRI is more useful than an X ray for imaging soft tissues. However, many people cannot undergo MRI, because the magnetic field can actually pull a metal object out of the body, such as a tooth filling, a prosthesis, or a pacemaker! Figure 1B CAT (computerized axial tomography). Basic Key Terms abdominal cavity (ab-dom’I-nal kav’I-te), p. 7 abdominopelvic cavity (ab-dom”I-no-pel’vik kav’I-te), p. 6 anatomy (uh-nat’o-me), p. 2 cranial cavity (kra’ne-al kav’I-te), p. 6 distal (dis’tal), p. 3 homeostasis (ho”me-o-sta’sis), p. 10 lateral (lat’er-al), p. 3 medial (me’de-al), p. 3 mediastinum (me”de-uh-sti’num), p. 6 negative feedback (neg’uh-tiv fed’bak), p. 10 pelvic cavity (pel’vik kav’I-te), p. 7 pericardium (per”I-kar’de-um), p. 7 peritoneum (per”I-to-ne’um), p. 7 physiology (fiz”e-ol’o-je), p. 2 pleurae (plur’e), p. 7 positive feedback (poz’I-tiv fed’bak), p. 11 proximal (prok’sI-mal), p. 3 sagittal plane (saj’I-tal plan), p. 5 serous membrane (ser’us mem’bran), p. 6 thoracic cavity (tho-ras’ik kav’I-te), p. 6 transverse plane (trans-vers’ plan), p. 5 viscera (vis’er-uh), p. 6 Clinical Key Terms disease (dI-zez’), p. 12 organ transplantation (or’gun trans-plan-ta’shun), p. 8 peritonitis (per”I-to-ni’tis), p. 7 spinal meningitis (spi’nal men”in-ji’tis), p. 6 systemic disease (sis-tem’ik dI-zez’), p. 12 Selected New Terms
Mader: Understanding ② The McG ysiology, Fifth Edition Summary 1.1 The Human Body 1.3. Body Cavities and Membranes vessels), lymphatic syste A. Anatomy is the study of the structure The human body has two major cavities (lymphatic vessels and nodes, of body parts, and physiology is the he posterior( dorsal) body cavity pleen, and thymus ), respiratory study of the function of these parts. nd the anterior(ventral) body cavity. system(lungs and conducting tructure is suited to the function of Each is subdivided into smaller caviti tubes), digestive system(mouth, within which specific viscera are located. esophagus, stomach, small and large B. The body has levels of organization Specific serous membranes line body testines, and associated organs) that progress from atoms to cavities and adhere to the organs within nary system(kidneys and olecules, macromolecules, cells hese cavities tissues, organs, organ systems, and 1.4 Organ Systems processing and transporting finally, the organism. The body has a number of organ functions to maintain the normal 1.2 Anatomical Terms systems. These systems have been conditions of the body. Various terms are used to describe the haracterized as follows: D Reproduction and development. The location of body organs when the body Support, movement, and protection. productive system in males(testes, s in the anatomical position(standing other glands, ducts, and penis )and erect, with face forward, arms at the includes the skin, not only protects in females(ovaries, uterine tubes sides, and palms and toes the body, but also has other uterus, vagina, and external genitalia) forward functions. The skeletal system carries out those functions that give A. The terms anterior contains the bones, and the muscular humans the ability to reproduce. perior/inferior, ystem contains the three types of 1.5 Homeostasis muscles. The primary function of the Homeostasis is the relative constancy of central/peripheral describe the relative skeletal and muscular systems is the bodys internal environment, which positions of body parts. support and movement, but they is composed of blood and the tissue dy can be divided into axia have other functions as well fluid that bathes the cells and appendicular portions, each of B. Integration and coordination. The A. Negative feedback mechanisms help which can be further subdivided into nervous system contains the brain maintain homeostasis. Positive specific regions. For example, ad pinal cord, and nerves. Because the feedback also occurs brachial refers to the arm, and pedal nervous system communicates with B. All of the body's organ systems both the sense organs and the contribute to homeostasis. Some C. The body or its parts may be uscles, it allows us to respond to cluding the respi sectioned(cut) along certain planes outside stimuli. The endocrine nd urinary systems, remove and/ or A sagittal (vertical) cut divides the system consists of the hormonal dd substances to blood glands. The nervous and endocrine C The nervous and endocrine systems frontal(coronal)cut divides the systems coordinate and regulate the regulate the activities of other systems. body into anterior and posterior activities of the bodys other systems Negative feedback is a self-regulatory parts. A transverse(horizontal) cut is C. Maintenance of the body The a cross section rdiovascular system(heart and onditions of the body are controlled Study Questions 1. Distinguish between the study of 5. Distinguish between the axial and 8. Name the four quadrants of the anatomy and the study of physiology. pendicular portions of the body. bdominopelvic cavity(p. 7) State at least two anatomical terms that 9. Name the major organ systems, and 2. Give an example that shows the pertain to the head, thorax, describe the general functions of each. relationship between the structure and domen, and limbs. (p. 4) function of body parts. (p. 2) 6. Distinguish between a midsagittal 10. List the major organs found within each 3. List the levels of organization within section, a transverse section, and a organ system. (p. 8) the human body in reference to a oronal section(p. 5) 11. Define homeostasis, and give examples (p.2) 7. Distinguish between the posterior and of negative feedback and positive 4. What purpose is served by directional anterior body cavities, and name two terms as long as the body is in smaller cavities that occur within each. 12. Discuss the contribution of each body 3) (Pp.6-7) system to homeostasis(p. 12) Chapter1 Organization of the Body15
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Chapter 1 Organization of the Body 15 1. Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology. (p. 2) 2. Give an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function of body parts. (p. 2) 3. List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ. (p. 2) 4. What purpose is served by directional terms as long as the body is in anatomical position? (p. 3) 5. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body. State at least two anatomical terms that pertain to the head, thorax, abdomen, and limbs. (p. 4) 6. Distinguish between a midsagittal section, a transverse section, and a coronal section. (p. 5) 7. Distinguish between the posterior and anterior body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each. (pp. 6–7) 8. Name the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity. (p. 7) 9. Name the major organ systems, and describe the general functions of each. (p. 8) 10. List the major organs found within each organ system. (p. 8) 11. Define homeostasis, and give examples of negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms. (pp. 10–11) 12. Discuss the contribution of each body system to homeostasis. (p. 12) Study Questions 1.1 The Human Body A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, and physiology is the study of the function of these parts. Structure is suited to the function of a part. B. The body has levels of organization that progress from atoms to molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally, the organism. 1.2 Anatomical Terms Various terms are used to describe the location of body organs when the body is in the anatomical position (standing erect, with face forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward). A. The terms anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, and central/peripheral describe the relative positions of body parts. B. The body can be divided into axial and appendicular portions, each of which can be further subdivided into specific regions. For example, brachial refers to the arm, and pedal refers to the foot. C. The body or its parts may be sectioned (cut) along certain planes. A sagittal (vertical) cut divides the body into right and left portions. A frontal (coronal) cut divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. A transverse (horizontal) cut is a cross section. 1.3. Body Cavities and Membranes The human body has two major cavities: the posterior (dorsal) body cavity and the anterior (ventral) body cavity. Each is subdivided into smaller cavities, within which specific viscera are located. Specific serous membranes line body cavities and adhere to the organs within these cavities. 1.4 Organ Systems The body has a number of organ systems. These systems have been characterized as follows: A. Support, movement, and protection. The integumentary system, which includes the skin, not only protects the body, but also has other functions. The skeletal system contains the bones, and the muscular system contains the three types of muscles. The primary function of the skeletal and muscular systems is support and movement, but they have other functions as well. B. Integration and coordination. The nervous system contains the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Because the nervous system communicates with both the sense organs and the muscles, it allows us to respond to outside stimuli. The endocrine system consists of the hormonal glands. The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate and regulate the activities of the body’s other systems. C. Maintenance of the body. The cardiovascular system (heart and vessels), lymphatic system (lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, and thymus), respiratory system (lungs and conducting tubes), digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and associated organs), and urinary system (kidneys and bladder) all perform specific processing and transporting functions to maintain the normal conditions of the body. D. Reproduction and development. The reproductive system in males (testes, other glands, ducts, and penis) and in females (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia) carries out those functions that give humans the ability to reproduce. 1.5 Homeostasis Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment, which is composed of blood and the tissue fluid that bathes the cells. A. Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback also occurs. B. All of the body’s organ systems contribute to homeostasis. Some, including the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, remove and/or add substances to blood. C. The nervous and endocrine systems regulate the activities of other systems. Negative feedback is a self-regulatory mechanism by which systems and conditions of the body are controlled. Summary
Mader: Understanding ② The McG ysiology, Fifth Edition objective Questions 1. Match the terms in the key to the d. carpal relationships listed in questions 1-5 e. palmar a. digestive system f. cervical b. urinary system c. respiratory syste b. posterior 6. buttocks d cardiovascular system ctive d. inferior 8. back of head f. nervous system e. medial 9. mouth g endocrine system 10. wrist 19. thyroid gland g. P 1. the esophagus in relation to the Ill. Match the terms in the key to the 22. ovaries stomach organs listed in questions 13-18. 23. brain 2. the ears in relation to the nose 24. stomach 3. the shoulder in relation to the a. cranial c b. vertebral canal V. Fill in the blanks 4. the intestines in relation to the C. thoracic cavity 26.A(n) d abdominal cavity everal types of tissues and 5. the rectum in relation to the erforms a particular function. mouth 13. stomach 27. The imaginary plane that passes Il. Match the terms in the key to the body 14. heart through the midline of the body is 15. urinary bladder called the 6-12. 16. brain 28. All the organ systems of the body 17. liver together function to maintain IV. Match the organ systems in the key to the organs listed in questions 19 Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise Consult Appendix B for help in 6. Transthoracic(trans" 'ik )mean a chest b head c buttocks d thigh onouncing, analyzing, and filling in the across the 12. The sacral (sa krul)nerves are located planks to give a brief meaning to the terms 7. Bilateral (bi-later-al)means two or that follow lower back b neck C upper back 1. Suprapubic(su- pyu'bik)means 8. Ophthalmoscope(of-thal'mo-skop)is an instrument to view inside the 13. Hematuria(he-muh-tu're-uh)means 2. Infraorbital (in"fruh-or'bi-tal)means in the urine the eye orbit. 9. Dorsalgia(dor-salje-uh)means pain in 14 Nephritis(nef-ri'tis)is 3. Gastrectomy(gas-trek'to-me)mean excision of the 10. Endocrinology (en do-kri-nolo-je)is lungs b. heart c liver d kidneys 4. Celiotomy( f the endocrine 5. Tachypnea(tak-ip-ne' uh)is a breathing incision(cut into )of the system rate that is 5.Macrocephalus(mak"ro-sef'uh-lus) 11. The pectoralis (pek-to-ral is)muscle can a faster than normal b slower than be found on the Website link VisitthesTudentEditionoftheOnlineLearningCenterathttp://www.mhhe.com/maderap5foradditionalquizzesinteractivelearning exercises, and other study tools 16PartI Human Organization
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 16 Part I Human Organization I. Match the terms in the key to the relationships listed in questions 1-5. Key: a. anterior b. posterior c. superior d. inferior e. medial f. lateral g. proximal h. distal 1. the esophagus in relation to the stomach 2. the ears in relation to the nose 3. the shoulder in relation to the hand 4. the intestines in relation to the vertebrae 5. the rectum in relation to the mouth II. Match the terms in the key to the body regions listed in questions 6-12. Key: a. oral b. occipital c. gluteal d. carpal e. palmar f. cervical g. axillary 6. buttocks 7. palm 8. back of head 9. mouth 10. wrist 11. armpit 12. neck III. Match the terms in the key to the organs listed in questions 13-18. Key: a. cranial cavity b. vertebral canal c. thoracic cavity d. abdominal cavity e. pelvic cavity 13. stomach 14. heart 15. urinary bladder 16. brain 17. liver 18. spinal cord IV. Match the organ systems in the key to the organs listed in questions 19-25. Key: a. digestive system b. urinary system c. respiratory system d. cardiovascular system e. reproductive system f. nervous system g. endocrine system 19. thyroid gland 20. lungs 21. heart 22. ovaries 23. brain 24. stomach 25. kidneys V. Fill in the blanks. 26. A(n) is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function. 27. The imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body is called the plane. 28. All the organ systems of the body together function to maintain , a relative constancy of the internal environment. Objective Questions Consult Appendix B for help in pronouncing, analyzing, and filling in the blanks to give a brief meaning to the terms that follow. 1. Suprapubic (su”pruh-pyu’bik) means the pubis. 2. Infraorbital (in”fruh-or’bI-tal) means the eye orbit. 3. Gastrectomy (gas-trek’to-me) means excision of the . 4. Celiotomy (se”le-ot’o-me) means incision (cut into) of the . 5. Macrocephalus (mak“ro-sef‘uh-lus) means large . 6. Transthoracic (trans”tho-ras’ik) means across the . 7. Bilateral (bi-lat’er-al) means two or both . 8. Ophthalmoscope (of-thal’mo-skop) is an instrument to view inside the . 9. Dorsalgia (dor-sal’je-uh) means pain in the . 10. Endocrinology (en”do-krI-nol’o-je) is the of the endocrine system. 11. The pectoralis (pek-to-ral’is) muscle can be found on the . a. chest b. head c. buttocks d. thigh 12. The sacral (sa’krul) nerves are located in the . a. lower back b. neck c. upper back d. head 13. Hematuria (he-muh-tu’re-uh) means in the urine. 14. Nephritis (nef-ri’tis) is of the . a. lungs b. heart c. liver d. kidneys 15. Tachypnea (tak-ip-ne’uh) is a breathing rate that is . a. faster than normal b. slower than normal Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise Visit the Student Edition of the Online Learning Center at http://www.mhhe.com/maderap5 for additional quizzes, interactive learning exercises, and other study tools. Website Link