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Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 xviii 6.6 Homeostasis The illustration in Human Systems Work Together on page 109 tells how the skeletal system assists other systems (buff color) and how other systems assist the skeletal system (aqua color). Let’s review again the functions of the skeletal system, but this time as they relate to the other systems of the body. Functions of the Skeletal System The bones protect the internal organs. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs; the skull protects the brain; and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord. The endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, and thyroid gland, are also protected by bone. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together to control the other organs and, ultimately, homeostasis. The bones assist all phases of respiration (Fig. 6.23). The rib cage assists the breathing process, enabling oxygen to enter the blood, where it is transported by red blood cells to the tissues. Red bone marrow produces the blood cells, including the red blood cells that transport oxygen. Without a supply of oxygen, the cells of the body could not efficiently produce ATP. ATP is needed for muscle contraction and for nerve conduction as well as for the many synthesis reactions that occur in cells. The bones store and release calcium. The storage of calcium in the bones is under hormonal control. A dynamic equilibrium is maintained between the concentrations of calcium in the bones and in the blood. Calcium ions play a major role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction. Calcium ions also help regulate cellular metabolism. Protein hormones, which cannot enter cells, are called the first messenger, and a second messenger such as calcium ions jump-starts cellular metabolism, directing it to proceed in a particular way. The bones assist the lymphatic system and immunity. Red bone marrow produces not only the red blood cells but also the white blood cells. The white cells, which congregate in the lymphatic organs, are involved in defending the body against pathogens and cancerous cells. Without the ability to withstand foreign invasion, the body may quickly succumb to disease and die. The bones assist digestion. The jaws contain sockets for the teeth, which chew food, and a place of attachment for the muscles that move the jaws. Chewing breaks food into pieces small enough to be swallowed and chemically digested. Without digestion, nutrients would not enter the body to serve as building blocks for repair and a source of energy for the production of ATP. The skeleton is necessary to locomotion. Locomotion is effi- cient in human beings because they have a jointed skeleton for the attachment of muscles that move the bones. Our jointed skeleton allows us to seek out and move to a more suitable external environment in order to maintain the internal environment within reasonable limits. Functions of Other Systems How do the other systems of the body help the skeletal system carry out its functions? The integumentary system and the muscles help the skeletal system protect internal organs. For example, anteriorally, the abdominal organs are only protected by muscle and skin. The digestive system absorbs the calcium from food so that it enters the body. The plasma portion of blood transports calcium from the digestive system to the bones and any other organs that need it. The endocrine system regulates the storage of calcium in the bones. The thyroid gland, a lymphatic organ, is instrumental in the maturity of certain white blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. The cardiovascular system transports the red blood cells as they deliver oxygen to the tissues and as they return to the lungs where they pick up oxygen. Movement of the bones would be impossible without contraction of the muscles. In these and other ways, the systems of the body help the skeletal systems carry out its functions. 108 Part II Support, Movement, and Protection Figure 6.23 The skeletal system and cardiovascular system work together. a. Red bone marrow produces the blood cells, including the red and white blood cells. b. As the red blood cells pass through the capillaries, they deliver oxygen to the body’s cells. Some white blood cells exit blood and enter the tissues at capillaries, where they phagocytize pathogens. Others stay in the blood (and lymph), where they produce antibodies against invaders. white blood cells red blood cell red bone marrow a. Production of blood cells b. Red blood cells in capillaries Chapter 6 The Skeletal System 109 Human Systems Work Together SKELETAL SYSTEM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cardiovascular System white blood cells Jaws contain teeth that chew food 2 110 Part II Support, Movement, and Protection Basic Key Terms abduction (ab-duk’shun), p. 106 adduction (uh-duk’shun), p. 106 appendicular skeleton (ap”en-dik’yu-ler skel’E-ton), p. 97 articular cartilage (ar-tik’yu-ler kar’tI-lij), p. 84 articulation (ar-tik”yu-la’shun), p. 84 axial skeleton (ak’se-al skel’E-ton), p. 89 bursa (bur’suh), p. 104 circumduction (ser”kum-duk’shun), p. 106 compact bone (kom’pakt bon), p. 84 diaphysis (di-af’I-sis), p. 84 epiphyseal plate (ep”I-fiz’e-al plat), p. 86 epiphysis (E-pif’I-sis), p. 84 eversion (e-ver’zhun), p. 106 extension (ek-sten’shun), p. 106 flexion (flek’shun), p. 106 fontanel (fon”tuh-nel’), p. 90 hematopoiesis (hem”ah-to-poi-e’sis), p. 84 intervertebral disk (in”ter-ver’tE-bral disk), p. 94 inversion (in-ver’zhun), p. 106 ligament (lig’uh-ment), p. 104 medullary cavity (med’u-lar”e kav’I-te), p. 84 meniscus (mE-nis’kus), p. 104 ossification (os’-I-fI-ka’shun), p. 86 osteoblast (os’te-o-blast”), p. 86 osteoclast (os’te-o-klast”), p. 86 osteocyte (os’te-o-sit), p. 86 pectoral girdle (pek’tor-al ger’dl), p. 97 pelvic girdle (pel’vik ger’dl), p. 100 periosteum (per”e-os’te-um), p. 84 pronation (pro-na’shun), p. 106 red bone marrow (red bon mar’o), p. 84 rotation (ro-ta’shun), p. 106 sinus (si’nus), p. 90 spongy bone (spunj’e bon), p. 84 supination (su”pI-na’shun), p. 106 suture (su’cher), p. 90 synovial fluid (si-no’ve-al flu’id), p. 104 synovial joint (si-no’ve-al joint), p. 104 synovial membrane (si-no’ve-al mem’bran), p. 104 vertebral column (ver’tE-bral kah’lum), p. 94 Clinical Key Terms bursitis (ber-si’tis), p. 104 fracture (frak’cher), p. 87 herniated disk (her’ne-a-ted disk), p. 94 kyphosis (ki-fo’sis), p. 94 lordosis (lor-do’sis), p. 94 mastoiditis (mas”toi-di’tis), p. 90 osteoarthritis (os”te-o-ar-thri’tis), p. 107 osteoporosis (os”te-o-po-ro’sis), p. 107 rheumatoid arthritis (ru’muh-toid ar-thri’tis), p. 107 scoliosis (sko”le-o’sis), p. 94 Selected New Terms 6.1 Skeleton: Overview A. The skeleton supports and protects the body; produces red blood cells; serves as a storehouse for inorganic calcium and phosphate ions and fat; and permits flexible movement. B. A long bone has a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses), which are covered by articular cartilage. The diaphysis contains a medullary cavity with yellow marrow and is bounded by compact bone. The epiphyses contain spongy bone with red bone marrow that produces red blood cells. C. Bone is a living tissue. It develops, grows, remodels, and repairs itself. In all these processes, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteoblasts build bone. D. Fractures are of various types, but repair requires four steps: (1) hematoma, (2) fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) bony callus, and (4) remodeling. 6.2 Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the body and consists of the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. A. The skull is formed by the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium includes the frontal bone, two parietal bones, one occipital bone, two temporal bones, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The facial bones include two maxillae, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, two lacrimal bones, two nasal bones, the vomer bone, two inferior nasal conchae, and the mandible. B. The U-shaped hyoid bone is located in the neck. It anchors the tongue and does not articulate with any other bone. C. The typical vertebra has a body, a vertebral arch surrounding the vertebral foramen, and a spinous process. The first two vertebrae are the atlas and axis. The vertebral column has four curvatures and contains the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral disks. Summary Homeostasis Each system chapter ends with a major section on homeostasis to accompany the “Human Systems Work Together” illustration. Together, they describe how the system under discussion, with the help of other body systems, maintains a stable internal environment. Clinical Key Terms expand students’ understanding of medical terminology and offer the chance to brush up on phonetic pronunciations of terms often used in clinical situations
Mader: Understanding ② The McG ysiology, Fifth Edition The Learning System Students differ in how they learn best and how they respond to different learning situations. Effective instruction and lasting retention don' t just happen; they result from materials that are carefully planned and organized in a logical sequence so that learning will occur. The Respiratory System 14 Outline and Learning objectives An integrated outline and sequence for the chapter Key points are emphasized using a variety of presentation 缸取 Key Boldface Terms anchor studentsunder. standing of chapter concepts. chaoul hi I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. i do and i understand Confucius
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 xix The Learning System Students differ in how they learn best and how they respond to different learning situations. Effective instruction and lasting retention don’t just happen; they result from materials that are carefully planned and organized in a logical sequence so that learning will occur. The Respiratory chapter System The cilia of cells lining the bronchial wall help keep the lungs clean by moving trapped particles. chapter outline & learning objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: 14.1 The Respiratory System (p. 276) ■ Describe the events that comprise respiration. ■ Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system organs. ■ Describe the structure and importance of the respiratory membrane. 14.2 Mechanism of Breathing (p. 281) ■ Describe vital capacity and its relationship to other measurements of breathing capacity. ■ Describe ventilation, including inspiration and expiration. ■ Tell where the respiratory center is located, and explain how it controls the normal breathing rate. 14.3 Gas Exchange and Transport (p. 284) ■ Describe the process of gas exchange in the lungs and the tissues. ■ Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. 14.4 Respiration and Health (p. 286) ■ Name and describe the various infections of the respiratory tract. ■ Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory tract and on overall health. 14.5 Effects of Aging (p. 290) ■ Describe the anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the respiratory system as we age. 14.6 Homeostasis (p. 290) ■ Describe how the respiratory system works with other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis. Medical Focus Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Patterns (p. 284) The Most Often Asked Questions About Tobacco and Health (p. 289) What’s New Lung Volume Reduction for Emphysema (p. 280) Outline and Learning Objectives An integrated outline and learning objectives that number the major topics of the chapter, give students the overall plan and sequence for the chapter. Chapter 6 The Skeletal System 87 Table 6.1 Surface Features of Bones PROCESSES Term Definition Example Articulating Surfaces Condyle (kon’dil) A large, rounded, articulating knob Mandibular condyle of the mandible (Fig 6.6b) Head A prominent, rounded, articulating Head of the femur (Fig. 6.16) proximal end of a bone Projections for Muscle Attachment Crest A narrow, ridgelike projection Iliac crest of the coxal bone (Fig. 6.15) Spine A sharp, slender process Spine of the scapula (Fig. 6.11b) Trochanter A massive process found only on the Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the (tro-kan’ter) femur femur (Fig. 6.16) Tubercle (tu’ber-kl) A small, rounded process Greater tubercle of the humerus (Fig. 6.12) Tuberosity A large, roughened process Radial tuberosity of the radius (Fig. 6.13) (tu”b˘e-ros’I-te) DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS Foramen (fo-ra’men) A rounded opening through a bone Foramen magnum of the occipital bone (Fig. 6.7a) Fossa (fos’uh) A flattened or shallow surface Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (Fig. 6.7a) Meatus (me-a’tus) A tubelike passageway through a bone External auditory meatus of the temporal bone (Fig. 6.6b) Sinus (si’nus) A cavity or hollow space in a bone Frontal sinus of the frontal bone (Fig. 6.5) Source: Data from Kent M. Van De Graaff and Stuart Ira Fox, Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed., 1999, p. 187. Key Boldface Terms anchor students’ understanding of chapter concepts. Key points are emphasized using a variety of presentation techniques, photos, drawings, and tables. “I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.” – Confucius 14.1 The Respiratory System The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air. During inspiration, or inhalation (breathing in), and expiration, or exhalation (breathing out), air is conducted toward or away from the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings, illustrated in Figure 14.1. The respiratory system also works with the cardiovascular system to accomplish these four respiratory events: 1. breathing, the entrance and exit of air into and out of lungs; 2. external respiration, the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood; 3. internal respiration, the exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid; 4. transport of gases to and from the lungs and the tissues. Cellular respiration, which produces ATP, uses the oxygen and produces the carbon dioxide that makes gas exchange with the environment necessary. Without a continuous supply of ATP, the cells cease to function. The four events listed here allow cellular respiration to continue. The Respiratory Tract Table 14.1 traces the path of air from the nose to the lungs. As air moves in along the airways, it is cleansed, warmed, and moistened. Cleansing is accomplished by coarse hairs just inside the nostrils and by cilia and mucus in the nasal cavities and the other airways of the respiratory tract. In the nose, the hairs and the cilia act as screening devices. In the trachea and other airways, the cilia beat upward, carrying mucus, dust, and occasional bits of food that “went down the wrong way” into the pharynx, where the accumulation can be swallowed or expectorated. The air is warmed by heat given off by the blood vessels lying close to the surface of the lining of the airways, and it is moistened by the wet surface of these passages. Conversely, as air moves out during expiration, it cools and loses its moisture. As the air cools, it deposits its moisture on the lining of the trachea and the nose, and the nose may even drip as a result of this condensation. The air still retains so much moisture, however, that upon expiration on a cold day, it condenses and forms a small cloud. 276 Part IV Maintenance of the Body nasal cavity nostril pharynx epiglottis glottis larynx trachea right bronchus bronchiole lung diaphragm pulmonary venule pulmonary arteriole alveolus capillary network Figure 14.1 The respiratory tract extends from the nasal cavities to the lungs, which are composed of air sacs called alveoli. Gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveoli and the blood within a capillary network that surrounds the alveoli. Notice in the blow-up that the pulmonary arteriole is colored blue—it carries O2- poor blood away from the heart to the alveoli. Then carbon dioxide leaves the blood, and oxygen enters the blood. The pulmonary venule is colored red—it carries O2-rich blood from the alveoli toward the heart
Mader: Understanding ont Matter Preface ② The McG Human Anatomy ysiology, Fifth Edition Learners are actively involved in end of pter questions and reinforcement ivities to confirm mastery of the hapter objectives. he aponal oord What are Exe furctioea ed the akodctont of the temporal bone odd bon, Ilhaare m or help in bunecamw bes-arkto-na) Website Link
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 xx D. The rib cage contains the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and associated cartilages, and the sternum. 6.3 Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. A. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle contains two clavicles and two scapulae. B. The upper limb contains the humerus, the radius, the ulna, and the bones of the hand (the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges). C. The pelvic girdle contains two coxal bones, as well as the sacrum and coccyx. The female pelvis is generally wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. D. The lower limb contains the femur, the patella, the tibia, the fibula, and the bones of the foot (the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges). 6.4 Joints (Articulations) A. Joints are regions of articulation between bones. They are B. The bones assist all phases of respiration. The rib cage assists the breathing process, and red bone marrow produces the red blood cells that transport oxygen. C. The bones store and release calcium. Calcium ions play a major role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction. Calcium ions also help regulate cellular metabolism. D. The bones assist the lymphatic system and immunity. Red bone marrow produces not only the red blood cells but also the white blood cells. E. The bones assist digestion. The jaws contain sockets for the teeth, which chew food, and a place of attachment for the muscles that move the jaws. F. The skeleton is necessary for locomotion. Locomotion is efficient in human beings because they have a jointed skeleton for the attachment of muscles that move the bones. classified according to their degree of movement. Some joints are immovable, some are slightly movable, and some are freely movable (synovial). The different kinds of synovial joints are ball-and-socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, gliding, and saddle. B. Movements at joints are broadly classified as angular (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction); circular (circumduction, rotation, supination, and pronation); and special (inversion, eversion, elevation, and depression). 6.5 Effects of Aging Two fairly common effects of aging on the skeletal system are arthritis and osteoporosis. 6.6 Homeostasis A. The bones protect the internal organs: The rib cage protects the heart and lungs; the skull protects the brain; and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord. Chapter 6 The Skeletal System 111 1. What are five functions of the skeleton? (p. 84) 2. What are five major categories of bones based on their shapes? (p. 84) 3. What are the parts of a long bone? What are some differences between compact bone and spongy bone? (pp. 84–85) 4. How does bone grow in children, and how is it remodeled in all age groups? (pp. 86–87) 5. What are the various types of fractures? What four steps are required for fracture repair? (p. 87) 6. List the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons. (Fig. 6.4, p. 89) 7. What are the bones of the cranium and the face? What are the special features of the temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone? (pp. 90–93) 8. What are the parts of the vertebral column, and what are its curvatures? Distinguish between the atlas, axis, sacrum, and coccyx. (pp. 94–95) 9. What are the bones of the rib cage, and what are several of its functions? (p. 96) 10. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle? Give examples to demonstrate the flexibility of the pectoral girdle. What are the special features of a scapula? (p. 97) 11. What are the bones of the upper limb? What are the special features of these bones? (pp. 98–100) 12. What are the bones of the pelvic girdle, and what are their functions? (pp. 100–101) 13. What are the false and true pelvises, and what are several differences between the male and female pelvises? (p. 101) 14. What are the bones of the lower limb? Describe the special features of these bones. (pp. 102–3) 15. How are joints classified? Give examples of each type of joint. (p. 104) 16. How can joint movements permitted by synovial joints be categorized? Give an example of each category. (p. 106) 17. How does aging affect the skeletal system? (p. 107) 18. What functions of the skeletal system are particularly helpful in maintaining homeostasis? (pp. 108–9) Study Questions Learners are actively involved in end of chapter questions and reinforcement activities to confirm mastery of the chapter objectives. 112 Part II Support, Movement, and Protection I. Match the items in the key to the bones listed in questions 1=6. Key: a. forehead b. chin c. cheekbone d. elbow e. shoulder blade f. hip g. ankle 1. temporal and zygomatic bones 2. tibia and fibula 3. frontal bone 4. ulna 5. coxal bone 6. scapula II. Match the items in the key to the bones listed in questions 7=13. Key: a. external auditory meatus b. cribriform plate c. xiphoid process d. glenoid cavity e. olecranon process f. acetabulum g. greater and lesser trochanters 7. scapula 8. sternum 9. femur 10. temporal bone 11. coxal bone 12. ethmoid bone 13. ulna III. Fill in the blanks. 14. Long bones are than they are wide. 15. The epiphysis of a long bone contains bone, where red blood cells are produced. 16. The are the air- filled spaces in the cranium. 17. The sacrum is a part of the , and the sternum is a part of the . 18. The pectoral girdle is specialized for , while the pelvic girdle is specialized for . 19. The term phalanges is used for the bones of both the and the . 20. The knee is a freely movable (synovial) joint of the type. Objective Questions Consult Appendix B for help in pronouncing and analyzing the meaning of the terms that follow. 1. chondromalacia (kon”dro-muh-la’ she-uh) 2. osteomyelitis (os”te-o-mi”e-li’tis) 3. craniosynostosis (kra”ne-o-sin” os-to’sis) 4. myelography (mi”E-log’ruh-fe) 5. acrocyanosis (ak”ro-si”uh-no’sis) 6. syndactylism (sin-dak’tI-lizm) 7. orthopedist (or”tho-pe’dist) 8. prognathism (prog’nah-thizm) 9. micropodia (mi”kro-po’de-uh) 10. arthroscopic (ar”thro-skop’ik) 11. bursectomy (ber-sek’to-me) 12. synovitis (sin-o-vi’tis) 13. acephaly (a-sef ’uh-le) 14. sphenoidostomy (sfe-noy-dos’to-me) 15. acetabuloplasty (as-E-tab’yu-lo-plas-te) Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise Visit the Student Edition of the Online Learning Center at http://www.mhhe.com/maderap5 for additional quizzes, interactive learning exercises, and other study tools. Website Link
Mader: Understanding ② The McG sual Focus ysiology, Fifth Edition Boxed Readings Clinical Connections Chapter 1 ical Focus: Abnormal red and White blood Cell What's New: Organs for Transplant 9 Medical Focus: Imaging the Body 14 Chapter 12 Chapter 2 What's New: Infections Causing Atherosclerosis? 229 Medical Focus: Nutrition Labels 30 Medical Focus: The Electrocardiogram 231 Medical Focus: Preventing cardiovascular Chapter 3 Disease 240 ledical Focus: Dehydration and Water Chapter 1 Chapter 4 Medical Focus: Bone Marrow Transplants 256 Medical Focus: Lymph Nodes and IlLnesses 257 dical Focus: Classification of Cancers 66 Visual Focus: Inflammatory Reaction 258 Chapter 5 Medical Focus: AIDS Epidemic 264 Medical Focus: The Link Between UV Radiation and Medical Focus: Immunization The great protector 267 Skin Cancer 77 What's New: Emerging Diseases 268 Medical Focus: Development of Cancer 80 Chapter 6 What's New: Lung Volume Reduction for Medical Focus: Osteoporosis 8 What's New: Coaxing the Chondrocytes for Knee Medical Focus: Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Repair 107 Chapter 7 Medical Focus: The Most Often Asked Questions About Visual Focus: Anatomy of a Muscle Fiber 117 Tobacco and healt Medical Focus: Benefits of Exercise 135 Chapter 15 ledical Focus: Human Teeth 297 Visual Focus: Synapse Structure and Function 144 Medical Focus: Constipation 306 Medical focus: Alzheimer disease 14 ledical Focus: Antioxidants 315 Medical Focus: Spinal Cord Injuries 147 Chapter 16 Medical Focus: Left and Right Brain 150 Visual Focus: Steps in Urine Formation 328 Visual Focus: Autonomic System Structure Medical Focus: Illnesses Detected by Urinalysis 334 nd Function 156 Medical Focus: Prostate Enlargement and Cancer 338 What's New: Pacemakers for Parkinson Disease 158 Chapter 17 Chapter 9 Medical Focus: Corrective Lenses 172 Medical Focus: Ovarian Cancer 352 What's New: A Bionic Cure for Macular Medical Focus: Shower Check for Cancer 357 Degeneration 176 What's New: Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants 361 Medical Focus: Hearing damage and Deafness 182 Medical Focus: Preventing Transmission of STDs 362 Chapter 10 Chapter 18 Visual Focus: The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 189 What's New: Therapeutic Cloning 374 What's New: Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplants 197 Medical Focus: Premature babies 380 Medical Focus: Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids 199 ledical Focus: Preventing Birth Defects 382 Medical Focus: Glucocorticoid Therapy 202 Chapter 19 Chapter 11 Medical Focus: Living with Klinefelter Syndrome 394 Visual Focus: Hematopoiesis 210 What's New: Preimplantation Genetic Studies 398 What's New: Blood Substitutes 212 Medical focus: New Cures on the horizon 400
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition Front Matter Clinical Connections & Visual Focus © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Chapter 1 What’s New: Organs for Transplant 9 Medical Focus: Imaging the Body 14 Chapter 2 Medical Focus: Nutrition Labels 30 Chapter 3 Medical Focus: Dehydration and Water Intoxication 45 Chapter 4 Medical Focus: Classification of Cancers 66 Chapter 5 Medical Focus: The Link Between UV Radiation and Skin Cancer 77 Medical Focus: Development of Cancer 80 Chapter 6 Medical Focus: Osteoporosis 88 What’s New: Coaxing the Chondrocytes for Knee Repair 107 Chapter 7 Visual Focus: Anatomy of a Muscle Fiber 117 Medical Focus: Benefits of Exercise 135 Chapter 8 Visual Focus: Synapse Structure and Function 144 Medical Focus: Alzheimer Disease 145 Medical Focus: Spinal Cord Injuries 147 Medical Focus: Left and Right Brain 150 Visual Focus: Autonomic System Structure and Function 156 What’s New: Pacemakers for Parkinson Disease 158 Chapter 9 Medical Focus: Corrective Lenses 172 What’s New: A Bionic Cure for Macular Degeneration 176 Medical Focus: Hearing Damage and Deafness 182 Chapter 10 Visual Focus: The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 189 What’s New: Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplants 197 Medical Focus: Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids 199 Medical Focus: Glucocorticoid Therapy 202 Chapter 11 Visual Focus: Hematopoiesis 210 What’s New: Blood Substitutes 212 vii Medical Focus: Abnormal Red and White Blood Cell Counts 214 Chapter 12 What’s New: Infections Causing Atherosclerosis? 229 Medical Focus: The Electrocardiogram 231 Medical Focus: Preventing Cardiovascular Disease 240 Chapter 13 Medical Focus: Bone Marrow Transplants 256 Medical Focus: Lymph Nodes and Illnesses 257 Visual Focus: Inflammatory Reaction 258 Medical Focus: AIDS Epidemic 264 Medical Focus: Immunization: The Great Protector 267 What’s New: Emerging Diseases 268 Chapter 14 What’s New: Lung Volume Reduction for Emphysema 280 Medical Focus: Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Patterns 284 Medical Focus: The Most Often Asked Questions About Tobacco and Health 289 Chapter 15 Medical Focus: Human Teeth 297 Medical Focus: Constipation 306 Medical Focus: Antioxidants 315 Chapter 16 Visual Focus: Steps in Urine Formation 328 Medical Focus: Illnesses Detected by Urinalysis 334 Medical Focus: Prostate Enlargement and Cancer 338 Chapter 17 Visual Focus: Anatomy of Ovary and Follicle 350 Medical Focus: Ovarian Cancer 352 Medical Focus: Shower Check for Cancer 357 What’s New: Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants 361 Medical Focus: Preventing Transmission of STDs 362 Chapter 18 What’s New: Therapeutic Cloning 374 Medical Focus: Premature Babies 380 Medical Focus: Preventing Birth Defects 382 Chapter 19 Medical Focus: Living with Klinefelter Syndrome 394 What’s New: Preimplantation Genetic Studies 398 Medical Focus: New Cures on the Horizon 400 Clinical Connections
Mader: Understanding TOThe mcGrawshill1 Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition Organization of chapter the bod Magnetic resonance imaging(MRD) of the head and neck in sagittal section. MRI is particularly useful in viewing soft tissues chapter outline learning objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to 1.1 The Human Body (p 2) cavite the organs located in each of the body Medical Focus Name the membranes that line each body Imaging the Body (p. 14) avity and adhere to the organs. Describe each level of organization of the ody with reference to an example. 1.4 Organ Systems (p. 8) Organs for Transplant(p 9) 1.2 Anatomical Terms(p. 3) the major organs associated with each, e a List the organ systems of the body, and st Use anatomical terms to describe the relative positions of the body parts, the regions of the a Describe in general the functions of each body, and the planes by which the body can organ system. s(p. 10) 1.3 Body Cavities and Describe how a feedback system maintains Membranes(p. 6) a List the cavities of the body, and state their Define disease, and explain the difference between a local and a systemic disease. Part
Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology, Fifth Edition I. Human Organization 1. Organization of the Body © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Part I Organization of chapter the Body Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck in sagittal section. MRI is particularly useful in viewing soft tissues such as the brain. chapter outline & learning objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: 1.1 The Human Body (p. 2) ■ Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related. ■ Describe each level of organization of the body with reference to an example. 1.2 Anatomical Terms (p. 3) ■ Use anatomical terms to describe the relative positions of the body parts, the regions of the body, and the planes by which the body can be sectioned. 1.3 Body Cavities and Membranes (p. 6) ■ List the cavities of the body, and state their locations. ■ Name the organs located in each of the body cavities. ■ Name the membranes that line each body cavity and adhere to the organs. 1.4 Organ Systems (p. 8) ■ List the organ systems of the body, and state the major organs associated with each. ■ Describe in general the functions of each organ system. 1.5 Homeostasis (p. 10) ■ Describe how a feedback system maintains homeostasis. ■ Define disease, and explain the difference between a local and a systemic disease. Medical Focus Imaging the Body (p. 14) What’s New Organs for Transplant (p. 9) 1