IlI. Characteristics of thelistening processInformal&spontaneous discourseListener expectation and purpose Looking as well as listeningOngoing, purposeful listener responseSpeakerattention(Textb0okP139)
III. Characteristics of the listening process Informal & spontaneous discourse Listener expectation and purpose Looking as well as listening Ongoing, purposeful listener response Speaker attention (Textbook P139)
IV. How do people process informationin listening comprehensionBottom-upprocessingTop-downprocessingPP143-144
IV. How do people process information in listening comprehension Bottomup processing Topdown processing PP143144
Bottom-upprocessingproceedsfrom sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings, etc. to a final ‘message.The process of comprehension begins withthe message received, which is analyzed atsuccessive levels of sounds, words, clauses,and sentences, until the intended meaningis arrived at. Comprehension is thus viewed as a process of decoding
Bottom-up processing proceeds from sou nds to words to grammatical relationship s to lexical meanings, etc. to a final ‘mess age’. The process of comprehension begins with the message received, which is analyzed at successive levels of sounds, words, clauses, and sentences, until the intended meaning is arrived at. Comprehension is thus viewe d as a process of decoding
Examples:Scanning the input to identify familiar lexical itemsSegmenting the stream of speech into constituents- e.g. “abookofmine" consisits of four wordsUsing phonological cues to identify the informationfocusinanutteranceUsing grammatical cues to organize the input intoconstituents -for example,“the book which I lentyou” → [the book] [which I lent you]
Examples: Scanning the input to identify familiar lexical items Segmenting the stream of speech into constituents – e.g. “abookofmine” consisits of four words Using phonological cues to identify the information focus in an utterance Using grammatical cues to organize the input into constituents – for example, “the book which I lent you” → [the book] [which I lent you]
Top-down processing refers to the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message.Top-down technigues are more concerned withthe activation of schemata, with derivingmeaning, with global understanding, and withthe interpretation of a text.(PP143-144)(PP184-185)
Top-down processing refers to the use of bac kground knowledge in understanding the me aning of a message. Top-down techniques are more concerned with the activation of schemata, with deriving meaning, with global understanding, and with the interpretation of a text. (PP143144) (PP184185)