2001 109655 2436 2008 18.39 (82770) (82770 2002 120333 3256 4271 (82770) (82770 1358 4128 25.16 (82770) (82770 159878 5933 30.71 2906 5977 (82768) (8.2768) 182321 7620 33.85 2933 (8.10 (8.10) 2006 91443 3671 69.57 (7.995) (7.995)
2001 109655 2661 (8.2770) 2436 (8.2770) 20.08 18.39 38.47 2002 120333 3256 (8.2770) 2952 (8.2770) 22.40 20.31 42.71 2003 135823 4382 (8.2770) 4128 (8.2770) 26.70 25.16 51.86 2004 159878 5933 (8.2768) 5614 (8.2768) 30.71 29.06 59.77 2005 182321 7620 (8.10) 6601 (8.10) 33.85 29.33 63.18 2006/ 2 91443 4286 (7.995) 3671 (7.995) 37.47 32.10 69.57
Ch2国际贸易的古典理论 重商主义的贸易观 亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论 李嘉图的比较优势理论
Ch.2国际贸易的古典理论 • 重商主义的贸易观 • 亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论 • 李嘉图的比较优势理论
重商主义的贸易观 重商主义的财富观 重商主义者把金银货币等同于社会财富 重商主义把金银货币等同于财富的观点是错误的。今天我们所理解的 国民财富,是一国生产和提供满足人们需要的产品和服务的能力 国拥有的劳动力、资本、技术等生产要素越多,生产效率越高,生产 和提供满足人们畫要的产品和服务的能力就越大,一国的生活水平就 越高,财富和福利永平就越高。 重商主义的贸易观 国财富的增加应来源于商业,而国内商业不影响一国财富的增减, 对外贸易的出超才增加一国金银货币,从而增加一国财 因此,重 商主义者主张国家必须干预对外贸易,实行奖出限入的保护贸易政策, 以葆护本国的对外贸易出超,增加函民财富。 重商主义以其错误的财富观为基础,鼓吹经济民族主义,主张国际贸 易是一种零和博弈(zero- sum game),即你亏我盈。因此,国际贸 易不可能是自愿自由的贸易,而需要用枪炮和军舰去打开它国的国 据更多的殖民地,通过宗主国与殖民地的不对等贸易来增加宗主国 尽管重商主义的贸易观是明显错误的,但是,除了1815年至1914年间 的英国以外,没有一个西方国家曾彻底摆脱过重商主义的影响
重商主义的贸易观 • 重商主义的财富观 • 重商主义者把金银货币等同于社会财富。 • 重商主义把金银货币等同于财富的观点是错误的。今天我们所理解的 国民财富，是一国生产和提供满足人们需要的产品和服务的能力。一 国拥有的劳动力、资本、技术等生产要素越多，生产效率越高，生产 和提供满足人们需要的产品和服务的能力就越大，一国的生活水平就 越高，财富和福利水平就越高。 • 重商主义的贸易观 • 一国财富的增加应来源于商业，而国内商业不影响一国财富的增减， 对外贸易的出超才增加一国金银货币，从而增加一国财富。因此，重 商主义者主张国家必须干预对外贸易，实行奖出限入的保护贸易政策， 以保护本国的对外贸易出超，增加国民财富。 • 重商主义以其错误的财富观为基础，鼓吹经济民族主义，主张国际贸 易是一种零和博弈（Zero-sum Game），即你亏我盈。因此，国际贸 易不可能是自愿自由的贸易，而需要用枪炮和军舰去打开它国的国门， 占据更多的殖民地，通过宗主国与殖民地的不对等贸易来增加宗主国 的财富。 • 尽管重商主义的贸易观是明显错误的，但是，除了1815年至1914年间 的英国以外，没有一个西方国家曾彻底摆脱过重商主义的影响
亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论 Assumptions: 2 countries, 2 goods and 1 factor(labor If 2 countries use there factor labor to produce 2 goods and the unit costs measuring in terms of labor time are as follows, then country A has aa in the production of good X (2<3)and country B has AA in the production of good Y(2<4) Each country specialized in the production of the good in which it has Absolute Advantage and export that good Each country will gain from trade due to the specialization). trade is a positive-sum game Country Country B Good 2 hours per piece 3 hours per plece GoodY 4hours per piece 2 hours per piece
亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论 • Assumptions: 2 countries, 2 goods and 1 factor (labor) • If 2 countries use there factor labor to produce 2 goods and the unit costs measuring in terms of labor time are as follows, then country A has AA in the production of good X (2<3) and country B has AA in the production of good Y (2<4). • Each country specialized in the production of the good in which it has Absolute Advantage and export that good. • Each country will gain from trade (due to the specialization). Trade is a positive-sum game. Country A Country B Good X 2 hours per piece 3 hours per piece Good Y 4hours per piece 2 hours per piece
Comparative Advantage theory of david Ricardo(1) Assumptions: 2 country, 2 goods and 1 factor(labor), the same as Adam Smith AA theory assumed that 2 countries has different AA in the production of 2 goods, but it is rare in reality If one country has absolute Disadvantage in the production of 2 goods and the degree of these AD are different, this country will has Comparative Advantage in the production of the good in which it has less degree of AD, the other country will has CA in the production of the other good Each country will gain from trade(due to the specialization). Trade is a positive-sum game Country a Country B Goodx 2 hours per piece 3 hours per piece Good Y 4 hours per piece 5 hours per piece 2/3<45, country a has Ca in good X and country B has CAin Y
Comparative Advantage theory of David Ricardo (1) • Assumptions: 2 country, 2 goods and 1 factor (labor), the same as Adam Smith. • AA theory assumed that 2 countries has different AA in the production of 2 goods, but it is rare in reality. • If one country has Absolute Disadvantage in the production of 2 goods and the degree of these AD are different, this country will has Comparative Advantage in the production of the good in which it has less degree of AD, the other country will has CA in the production of the other good. • Each country will gain from trade (due to the specialization). Trade is a positive-sum game. • Country A Country B Good X 2 hours per piece 3 hours per piece Good Y 4 hours per piece 5 hours per piece • 2/3<4/5, country A has CA in good X and country B has CA in Y