、记忆研究中的各种变量(5) Independent Variables, Many types of variables are manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters digits, nonsense syllables words phrases sentences paragraphs or long passages of prose; the characteristics of each of these types of material can also be varied The retention interval between presentation of material and test; Modality of presentation Study strategy the nature of the memory test given to people
6 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（5） Independent Variables: Many types of variables are manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters, digits, nonsense syllables, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or long passages of prose; the characteristics of each of these types of material can also be varied; The retention interval between presentation of material and test; Modality of presentation; Study strategy; The nature of the memory test given to people
、记忆研究中的各种变量(6) Control Variables: Memory experiments are typically quite well controlled. Important variables that are usually held constant across conditions are the amount of material presented and the rate of presentation though these can be interesting variables in their own The modality of presentation is another factor that must not vary unless it is a variable of major interest. If some characteristic of the material is being varied then it is necessary to hold constant other factors
7 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（6） Control Variables: Memory experiments are typically quite well controlled. Important variables that are usually held constant across conditions are the amount of material presented and the rate of presentation, though these can be interesting variables in their own right. The modality of presentation is another factor that must not vary, unless it is a variable of major interest. If some characteristic of the material is being varied, then it is necessary to hold constant other factors
艾宾浩斯与巴特利特的研究 艾宾浩斯(1850~1909)与巴特利特(FC Bartlett,1886~1979)是记忆研究的两位先驱, 虽然他们研究记忆的途径是对立的,但两人都对 后来的记忆研究产生了很大的影响。 1885, Ebbinghaus: On Memory, A Contribution to Experimenta/ psychology 1932F, Bartlett: Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social psychology Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity o- Or 1956F, Miller: Magica/ Number Seven, plus Processing Information
8 二、艾宾浩斯与巴特利特的研究 艾宾浩斯（1850~1909）与巴特利特（F. C. Bartlett，1886~1979）是记忆研究的两位先驱， 虽然他们研究记忆的途径是对立的，但两人都对 后来的记忆研究产生了很大的影响。 1885年，Ebbinghaus: On Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. 1932年，Bartlett: Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. 1956年，Miller: Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information
(一)艾宾浩斯的研究(1) Ebbinghaus受到 Fechner的《心理物理学 纲要》的启发,企图用 自然科学的方法来研究 英国经验主义者所描述 的联想过程。他在人为 的实验室条件下产生联 想,并在严格控制的条 件下对记忆进行客观的 测量,我们称之为新联 想主义心理学
9 （一）艾宾浩斯的研究（1） Ebbinghaus受到 Fechner的《心理物理学 纲要》的启发，企图用 自然科学的方法来研究 英国经验主义者所描述 的联想过程。他在人为 的实验室条件下产生联 想，并在严格控制的条 件下对记忆进行客观的 测量，我们称之为新联 想主义心理学
(一)艾宾浩斯的研究(2) 为了使记忆的研究数量化,艾宾浩斯创造 了两个工具。 第一是无意义音节( nonsense syllables) 第二是测量记忆的方法即节省( savings method)法。 10
10 （一）艾宾浩斯的研究（2） 为了使记忆的研究数量化，艾宾浩斯创造 了两个工具。 第一是无意义音节（nonsense syllables）; 第二是测量记忆的方法即节省（savings method）法