《YELLOW FEVER》书籍PDF电子版（英文）水仙花的历史文化展望 A PROSPECT OF THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF DAFFODILS, DAVID WILLIS, 2012.pdf_P26-P30

Perhaps some of the'deg erate flowers'were daffodils for it was in such neglected demesnes that w.B Hartland made many of this daffodil discoveries during the 1880s. The scene of desolation described by Lady Morgan was not a lone occurrence for the writer and gardene James Fraser had this to say of the decay at Rathfarnham Castle Co.Dublin:Not a solitary instance,but one ou se,on the same pl en tum estate that hartland e to sibly th ultivated in mainland Eu the Dutch:and the Dutch i ed many ty es into the British Isles he n as In addition to formalism,bedding plants and neglect,other factors were at work in threatening the popularity of the daffodil.The Victorian period,for example.saw a spate of new plant naddition to Far Eng pl ny o ing n om the previo South America an acas cou my tended 、T 0 ial oas ed h Orchi pip environment and a garden aristocracy of orchid devotees sprang up,plantsbeing ctly suited exchanged for vast sums of money. Earlier,humbler plant introductions were neglected by all but a few enthusiasts,and it was s to such a val of the daffodil was due. ts member elonged mair y to the middle-class and evera l of th h to join the the shira The s of middle. ssions such as banking One and influential adyoc ate of th daffodil was the well known garden writer.William Robinson(1838-1935).who ridiculed the return to formalism and promoted the idea of the 'wild garden'.In his book The English Flower Garden,first published in 1883,he des ribed his alternative,which was a natural style of gardening using permanent plantings of hardy trees,shrubs and herbaceous plants:th se,h felt,created an environment into which the fitted with ease.In his view d be without the b and that "they are to spring what roses are to summer Thus the s set for the r of the nuhlicatio of The english Flower Garden.Barr.Burbidge.Hartland and others organised the first Daffodil Conference.The key.initial step in the development of the modern daffodil had taken place.This event was followed in 1898 by the founding of the Midland Daffodil Society in Birmingham.Subsequently named the Daffodil Society,it became the national organisation that has ever since lent encouragement to the appreciation and development of this lovely genus The Spread of Interest Overseas centhncNMeofthe.carlietdhodlimrodtuctoshad 1 the British Isles uring the 14th.16th and 17th breeding of ne in Ene and During the initial sta of this ork the leading figures were William Herbert edward leeds and william Backhouse In the later years of the century,the first of the great Dutch nurseries commenced daffodil breeding-de Graaff at Noordwijk in 1872,Johan S gers at L e,and van der Schoot and van Waveren at Hillegom in 1890 Dutch nurserymen and,in particular,with idisation in the N 29

29 shrubs and flowers, raising their heads amongst nettles, briars and long grass and withered potato stalks.‟(22) Perhaps some of the ‘degenerate flowers’ were daffodils for it was in such neglected demesnes that W.B. Hartland made many of this daffodil discoveries during the 1880s. The scene of desolation described by Lady Morgan was not a lone occurrence for the writer and gardener James Fraser had this to say of the decay at Rathfarnham Castle, Co. Dublin: “Not a solitary instance, but one out of many where a magnificent greenhouse, on the same plan as those at Hampton Court and Kew, has been turned into a cow shed and the fine old Dutch garden is now in total ruin.” (23) Here then is another example of the type of estate that Hartland explored to good effect. Possibly the old Dutch garden contained daffodils, for they were first cultivated in mainland Europe by the Dutch; and the Dutch introduced many types into the British Isles when, as Protestant refugees, they fled their own country during the 16th century. In addition to formalism, bedding plants and neglect, other factors were at work in threatening the popularity of the daffodil. The Victorian period, for example, saw a spate of new plant introductions in addition to bedding plants, many of them coming from the previously neglected, hotter countries of South America and the Far East. For the first time plants from these areas could be successfully tended in glasshouses constructed of wrought iron, as long as there was good light transmission. These houses were heated using pipes of a new material, cast iron, to the optimum temperature required by these exotic newcomers. Orchids were perfectly suited to this newly achievable environment and a garden aristocracy of orchid devotees sprang up, plants being exchanged for vast sums of money. Earlier, humbler plant introductions were neglected by all but a few enthusiasts, and it was to such a group that the continued survival of the daffodil was due. Its members belonged mainly to the middle-class and included several members of the clergy. They were not affluent enough to join the orchid craze but were aware of the breeding potential of the daffodil in all its forms, as illustrated by the work of the Revd William Herbert, who raised the first hybrids at Spofforth in north Yorkshire. There were also a few botanists, mostly amateur and members of middle-class professions such as banking. One particularly strong and influential advocate of the daffodil was the well known garden writer, William Robinson (1838-1935), who ridiculed the return to formalism and promoted the idea of the ‘wild garden’. In his book The English Flower Garden, first published in 1883, he described his alternative, which was a natural style of gardening using permanent plantings of hardy trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants: these, he felt, created an environment into which the daffodil fitted with ease. In his view “no garden should be without the best of the lovely varieties now known” and that “they are to spring what roses are to summer”(24) . Thus, the scene was set for the great daffodil revival and, within a year of the publication of The English Flower Garden, Barr, Burbidge, Hartland and others organised the first Daffodil Conference. The key, initial step in the development of the modern daffodil had taken place. This event was followed in 1898 by the founding of the Midland Daffodil Society in Birmingham. Subsequently named the Daffodil Society, it became the national organisation that has ever since lent encouragement to the appreciation and development of this lovely genus. The Spread of Interest Overseas Many of the earliest daffodil introductions had reached the British Isles during the 14th, 16th and 17th centuries from northern Europe. However, during the 19th century the revival of interest in daffodils and the breeding of new garden hybrids began in England. During the initial stages of this work, the leading figures were William Herbert, Edward Leeds and William Backhouse. In the later years of the century, the first of the great Dutch nurseries commenced daffodil breeding – de Graaff at Noordwijk in 1872, Johan Segers at Lisse, and van der Schoot and van Waveren at Hillegom in 1890. Peter Barr, W.B. Hartland and F.W. Burbidge all formed ties with the Dutch nurserymen and, in particular, with Simon Adrian de Graaff who pioneered daffodil hybridisation in the Netherlands

ergen-Terweg n and the Irish hybridist d between the Dutch fm of C.Zandb duced o e ed to visit Wils nact at the ited Ireland eral occasions and regularly purchased cultivars from both Wilson and Richardson for introduction into the Netherlands.A similar liaison was also formed with P.D.Williams,following a visit to the Netherlands in the 1920s to see Zandbergen's daffodil collection;at that stage,the collection contained some 1,500 cultivars. Thereafter,Zandbergen acted as agent for Williams,introducing his cultivars to Dutch growers. Australia and New Zealand Firstc to 1900.when Sir Heaton Rhodes of Otahu Zealand i id lil Tai Tapu,Nev and's was to him the t e home of Daffodils Australia and New Zealand have National Daffodil Socicties.the latter being formed in 1926.shortly before a visit by Guy Wilson that did much to stimulate interest in both showing and hybridisation.The Australian United States of America ited State s and B ed considerably late ha n thos with s the bulbs by Miss M.Beimne of Ashland.Virginia.shortly after World War I As a result of her enthusiasm the Garden Club of Virginia formed a Daffodil Committee and established a Test Garden in 1930.In subsequent years,the Club was responsible for the distribution of many cultivars of British and Irish origin to other garden clubs across the States.At about the same time as Miss Beime was beginning her daffodil collection,a Hardy d n Maryland in S rs purch a05 e advice of on,who remained guide and ment to the Society unt I his death e daffodil or ring in the states was undoubtedly the extension of The Plant Quarantine Act of 1919 to cover the importation of daffodil bulbs.The vear was 1926.This Act had originally been implemented as the result of the introduction of several serious pests and diseases on plant material from other countries.These included the San Jose Scale,the Japanese Beetle and the disease Chestnut Blight.Strangely nouh,daffod mportation not restricted by the o original Act,even though,shortly before and Bulb the sion of the A t m 009 did n t th e me do The effect of the ban was twofold.It isolated the United States from the significant advances then taking wnere,and it stimulated American enthusiasts to take up hybridisation in order to fill the gap.Best known among these was Jan de Graaff who established Oregon Bulb the same time in er of ant E Mitso a atil the his h nd Rid at C nby,Oregon from 1 93 1980s.wh eding work wa Their national organisation,the American Daffodil Society,established in 1955,is of relatively recent origin.However,in its short life,it has achieved significant success in promoting interest in daffodils and creating computer databases that contain the parentage and much other data concering many thousands of daffodils

30 In the 20th century, links developed between the Dutch firm of G. Zandbergen-Terwegen and the Irish hybridists. Matthew Zandbergen, whose father managed one of de Graaff’s bulb farms, first made contact at the home of P.D. Williams, where he was introduced to Guy L. Wilson. He was invited to visit Wilson at Broughshane to see the seedling stocks growing there. Subsequently, Zandbergen visited Ireland on several occasions and regularly purchased cultivars from both Wilson and Richardson for introduction into the Netherlands. A similar liaison was also formed with P.D. Williams, following a visit to the Netherlands in the 1920s to see Zandbergen’s daffodil collection; at that stage, the collection contained some 1,500 cultivars. Thereafter, Zandbergen acted as agent for Williams, introducing his cultivars to Dutch growers. Australia and New Zealand First contacts were made here prior to 1900, when Sir Heaton Rhodes of Otahuna, Tai Tapu, New Zealand bought bulbs from W.B. Hartland. Robert Gibson of Manaia did likewise. At this juncture, Hartland’s nursery was, to him at least, “the true home of Daffodils”(25), a veritable “Haarlem in south Cork” (26). Both Australia and New Zealand have National Daffodil Societies, the latter being formed in 1926, shortly before a visit by Guy Wilson that did much to stimulate interest in both showing and hybridisation. The Australian hybridists played an especially important part in the early development of pink crowned daffodils during the 1920s and 1930s until Richardson challenged them from Ireland in 1937 with ‘Rose of Tralee’. United States of America The first links between the United States and Britain occurred considerably later than those with either the Netherlands or Australasia. The earliest development of any significance was the importation of a collection of bulbs by Miss M. Beirne of Ashland, Virginia, shortly after World War I. As a result of her enthusiasm, the Garden Club of Virginia formed a Daffodil Committee and established a Test Garden in 1930. In subsequent years, the Club was responsible for the distribution of many cultivars of British and Irish origin to other garden clubs across the States. At about the same time as Miss Beirne was beginning her daffodil collection, a Hardy Gardening Club was formed in Maryland in 1919 which, following a successful show, went on to form the Maryland Daffodil Society. Its members purchased bulbs almost exclusively from Ireland and on the advice of Guy Wilson, who remained guide and mentor to the Society until his death. The biggest single event to influence daffodil growing in the States was undoubtedly the extension of The Plant Quarantine Act of 1919 to cover the importation of daffodil bulbs. The year was 1926. This Act had originally been implemented as the result of the introduction of several serious pests and diseases on plant material from other countries. These included the San Jose Scale, the Japanese Beetle and the disease Chestnut Blight. Strangely enough, daffodil importation was not restricted by the original Act, even though, shortly before it came into effect, large quantities of bulbs in the British Isles and the Netherlands had been destroyed by Stem and Bulb Eelworm. The extension of the Act in 1926 to cover daffodils did not become effective, however, before word leaked out about it. There was then a mad rush to import the most recent, sensational British cultivars especially ‘Fortune’ and ‘Beersheba’ before the barriers finally came down. The effect of the ban was twofold. It isolated the United States from the significant advances then taking place elsewhere; and it stimulated American enthusiasts to take up hybridisation in order to fill the gap. Best known among these was Jan de Graaff who established Oregon Bulb Farms in 1926 at Portland. Others who started daffodil breeding about the same time included E.C. Powell of Silver Spring, Maryland, the raiser of ‘Hiawassee’, and S.B. Mitchell of Berkeley, California. The most illustrious of the United States hybridists was Grant E. Mitsch, who raised daffodils at Canby, Oregon from 1934 until the 1980s, when his breeding work was continued by Elise and Richard Havens. Their national organisation, the American Daffodil Society, established in 1955, is of relatively recent origin. However, in its short life, it has achieved significant success in promoting interest in daffodils and creating computer databases that contain the parentage and much other data concerning many thousands of daffodils

31 References 1. Thacker, C. (1979). The History of Gardens. Croom Helm, London, pp. 31-32. 2. Karihaloo, J.L. and Koul, A.K. (1983). The naturalised Narcissus tazetta of Kashmire. Daffodils 1983-84, 61- 63. 3. Ünver, S. (1968). Narcissus in the history of flowers in Turkey. The Daffodil and Tulip Year Book 33, 67-75, p. 69. 4. Ünver, S. (1968). Narcissus in the history of flowers in Turkey. The Daffodil and Tulip Year Book 33, 67-75, p. 69. 5. Ünver, S. (1968). Narcissus in the history of flowers in Turkey. The Daffodil and Tulip Year Book 33, 67-75, p. 69. 6. Passe, C. van de (1614). Hortus Floridus. J. Jansson, Arnhem. 7. Thacker, C. (1979). The History of Gardens. Croom Helm, London, pp. 31-32. 8. Gerard, J. (1597). Herball, Generall Historie of Plantes. John Norton, London. 9. Dodoens, R. (1583). Stirpium Historiae Pemptades Sex Sive Libri XXX. C. Plantin, Antwerp. 10. Gerard, J. (1596). Catalogus Arborum, Fruticum ac Plantarum tam Indigenarum, Quam Exoticarum, in Horto Iohannis Gerardi. Robert Robinson, London. 11. Gerard, J. (1599). Catalogus Arborum, Fruticum ac Plantarum tam Indigenarum, Quam Exoticarum, in Horto Iohannis Gerardi. Robert Robinson, London. 12. Parkinson, J. (1629). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. Humfrey Lownes and Robert Young, London. 13. Wolley-Dod, C. (1886). Letter from C. Wolley-Dod to F.W. Burbidge, 6 March 1886. F.W. Burbidge Correspondence Collection, Trinity College, Dublin. 14. Rabel, D. (1633). Theatrum Florae. Pierre Mariette, Paris. 15. Wolley-Dod, C. (1886). Letter from C. Wolley-Dod to F.W. Burbidge, 10 March 1886. F.W. Burbidge Correspondence Collection, Trinity College, Dublin. 16. Wolley-Dod, C. (1886). Letter from C. Wolley-Dod to F.W. Burbidge, 19 March 1886. F.W. Burbidge Correspondence Collection, Trinity College, Dublin. 17. Tait, A.W. (1886). Letter from A.W. Tait to F.W. Burbidge, 25 August 1886. F.W. Burbidge Correspondence Collection, Trinity College, Dublin. 18. Parkinson, J. (1629). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. Humfrey Lownes and Robert Young, London. 19. Burbidge, F.W. (1875). The Narcissus: its history and culture. L. Reeve and Co., London. 20. Thacker, C. (1979). The History of Gardens. Croom Helm, London, p. 134. 21. Pope, A. (1713). Verdant sculpture. Guardian 173, 29 September 1713, 336. 22. Morgan, Lady S.O. (1818). Florence Macarthy. Colburn, London, pp. 196, 201. 23. Fraser, J. (1826). On the present state of gardening in Ireland. The Gardeners’ Magazine of Botany 1, 133. 24. Robinson, W. (1894). The English Flower Garden. John Murray, London, p. 673. 25. Hartland, W.B. (undated). Hartland Seedsman, front cover of trade catalogue. Published by W.B. Hartland, Cork. 26. Morris, M. (1985). Irradiating the present: restoring the past – the Hartlands of Cork. Moorea 4, 27-41

CHAPTER 3 THE DAFFODIL IN LITERATURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VICTORIAN HYBRIDISTS "The great glory of the woods are.of course.the daffodils. d in Cha ance during the19h ls of those who became most involved in the daffodils revival at that time.These influences included classical and contemporary poetry and prose.the writings of those favouring a more naturalistic approach to the garden landscape and the horticultural and botanical literature of the time The classical literature on the subject is well know having bee quoted to varying degrees in earlier to Nar issus,of course,is in the myths of reece,there are severa e lite story arcissus b popu ar one runs something like us was u s0 ath.from ge wa rewn with h ed lovers Am vas the ph Echo whose final reicction drove her to a life of solitude in lonely alens where she pined away for love until only her voic remained.At Donacon in Thespia,Narcissus came upon a spring so clear that it shone like silver.He cast himself down on the grass beside the spring to slake his thirst,falling in love with his own reflection.Presently he ng himself and ng th at he could both posse s yet never possess the beautiful was ove daffod -a autifu white Narcissus med with grief finally plunging a dagger int d-red corolla-sprang from the spot where his bloo ad soaked into the earth. Homer who lived in gre ece during the 11th century BC.extolled the virtues of that country's native daffodil in the v n to "The Narcissus wondrously glittering,a noble sight for all,whether immortal gods or mortal men:from whose root a hundred heads springeth forth and at the fragrant odour thereof all the broad heaven above and all the earth laughed. In more modern times am Shakespeare(1564-1616)wrote of odi That co The winds of March with beauty Robert Herrick(1591-1674 asF.W.Burb ing simplicity and ten ere wa "a moral pathos of the most touching kin dess and You ha away sc eep to 0S0 As yet the sing su Has not attained Stay,stay Until the hasting day Has run But to the even-song; And having prayed together,we Will go with you along. We have short time to stay,as you, 32

32 CHAPTER 3 THE DAFFODIL IN LITERATURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VICTORIAN HYBRIDISTS “The great glory of the woods are, of course, the daffodils.”(1) Some of the physical and botanical factors that influenced the daffodil renaissance during the 19th century have already been discussed in Chapter Two. Other influences were at work, however, in the minds of those who became most involved in the daffodil’s revival at that time. These influences included classical and contemporary poetry and prose, the writings of those favouring a more naturalistic approach to the garden landscape and the horticultural and botanical literature of the time. The classical literature on the subject is well known, having been quoted to varying degrees in earlier works. The original reference to Narcissus, of course, is in the myths of Ancient Greece; there are several versions of the life story of Narcissus but a popular one runs something like this. Narcissus was the son of the blue nymph, Liriope, and the river-god, Cephisus. Narcissus was an especially handsome youth whose path, from an early age, was strewn with heartlessly rejected lovers. Among these was the nymph, Echo, whose final rejection drove her to a life of solitude in lonely glens, where she pined away for love until only her voice remained. At Donacon in Thespia, Narcissus came upon a spring so clear that it shone like silver. He cast himself down on the grass beside the spring to slake his thirst, falling in love with his own reflection. Presently he recognised this as being himself and, realising that he could both possess yet never possess the beautiful reflection, was overwhelmed with grief finally plunging a dagger into his heart. The first daffodil – a beautiful white Narcissus with blood-red corolla – sprang from the spot where his blood had soaked into the earth. Homer, who lived in Greece during the 11th century BC, extolled the virtues of that country’s native daffodil in the Hymn to Demeter: “The Narcissus wondrously glittering, a noble sight for all, whether immortal gods or mortal men; from whose root a hundred heads springeth forth and at the fragrant odour thereof all the broad heaven above and all the earth laughed.”(2) In more modern times, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) wrote of: “… daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty …”(3) . Robert Herrick (1591-1674) was noted for his pastoral lyrics of outstanding simplicity and tenderness and as F.W. Burbidge said of Herrick’s To Daffodils(4) there was “a moral pathos of the most touching kind”(5): “Fair Daffodils we weep to see You haste away so soon; As yet the early rising sun Has not attained his noon. Stay, stay, Until the hasting day Has run But to the even-song; And having prayed together, we Will go with you along. We have short time to stay, as you

33 We have as short a spring; As quick a growth to meet decay, As you, or anything. We die As your hours do, and dry Away, Like to the summer’s rain; Or as the pearls of morning dew, Ne’er to be found again.” While John Keats (1795-1821) alluded to the Greek myth concerning Narcissus, it was his contemporary, Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), who next wrote about the daffodil in verse: “The beautiful wild plants and the Tulip tall, And Narcissi, the fairest among them all, Who gaze their eyes in the stream’s recess, Till they die of their own dear loveliness.”(6) Without doubt, the most influential advocates for the daffodil in Britain during the early 19th century were Dorothy (1771-1855) and William Wordsworth (1770-1850). In her Grasmere Journal 1800-1803(7) , Dorothy’s entry for 15 April 1802 ran as follows: “When we were in the woods beyond Gowbarrow Park we saw a few daffodils close to the water side. We fancied that the lake had floated a few seeds ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up. But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last, under the boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore about the breadth of a country turnpike road. I never saw daffodils so beautiful. They grew among the mossy stones about and about them some rested their heads upon the stones, as on a pillow, for weariness; and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the lake; they looked so gay, ever glancing, ever changing.” William had accompanied Dorothy on this walk as they made their way back from Eusemere Hill, the home of the anti-slave trade campaigner Thomas Clarkson, along the western shore of Ullswater to Grasmere. This experience had a profound effect on Wordsworth who, two years later, with the help of Dorothy’s journal entry of the event, wrote one of the best known poems in the English language: a glowing tribute to one of our best loved flowers and the glory of an English spring. It was entitled I wandered lonely as a cloud: “I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills When all at once I saw a crowd A host of dancing daffodils; Along the lake, beneath the trees, Ten thousand dancing in the breeze. The waves beside them danced, but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:- A Poet could not but be gay In such a laughing company: I gaz’d – and gaz’d – but little thought What wealth the shew to me had brought: For oft when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon the inward eye