YELLOW FEVER' A PROSPECT HE HSTORY CULTURE OF DAFFODILS DAVID WILLIS
‘YELLOW FEVER’ A PROSPECT OF THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF DAFFODILS DAVID WILLIS
Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES …14 LIST OF PLATES. .15 FOREWORD... CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 10 CHAPTER 2 THE DAFFODIL IN HISTORY 22 ce and Egyp China and its Sa cred Lily.. emish Wea rs and Hugue not Refuge In the Gardens of Mainland Europe. The aff ew Zealand. United States of America. CHAPTER 3 THE DAFFODIL IN LTERATURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VICTORIAN HYBRIDISTS. .32 CHAPTER 4 DAFFODIL CLASSIFICATION..... .37 d List of Daffodil Names and Register CHAPTER 5 WILD DAFFODILS AND THEIR ROLE IN CREATING CULTIVARS .47 SECTION Taneinanthus SECTION Serotini SECTION Jonquillo SECTION Bulbo fodil in 15th Century Mainland Europe The bota Th mily. rly deve mment of double-flowered cultivars 113 The S atieieids3hnd-Ro warne Experimental Horticulture Station,Camborne,Cornwall.. of wand and ford (189 1978 James Coey(1863-1921 124
5 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................11 LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................................14 LIST OF PLATES...................................................................................................................................................................15 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2 THE DAFFODIL IN HISTORY ..............................................................................................................................22 Ancient Greece and Egypt...............................................................................................................................................................22 The Mughals and Islam ...................................................................................................................................................................22 China and its Sacred Lily..................................................................................................................................................................23 Into Northern Europe......................................................................................................................................................................23 Flemish Weavers and Huguenot Refugees......................................................................................................................................24 In the Gardens of Mainland Europe................................................................................................................................................25 Gerard, Tradescant and Parkinson..................................................................................................................................................25 19th Century Daffodil Hunters........................................................................................................................................................26 The Daffodil in the Landscape.........................................................................................................................................................27 The Spread of Interest Overseas.....................................................................................................................................................29 Australia and New Zealand .............................................................................................................................................................30 United States of America ................................................................................................................................................................30 CHAPTER 3 THE DAFFODIL IN LITERATURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VICTORIAN HYBRIDISTS.....................................32 CHAPTER 4 DAFFODIL CLASSIFICATION..............................................................................................................................37 The Classified List of Daffodil Names and the International Register .............................................................................................42 Awards to Daffodils.........................................................................................................................................................................43 CHAPTER 5 WILD DAFFODILS AND THEIR ROLE IN CREATING CULTIVARS..........................................................................47 SECTION Tapeinanthus....................................................................................................................................................................57 SECTION Serotini .............................................................................................................................................................................57 SECTION Tazettae ...........................................................................................................................................................................58 SECTION Narcissus..........................................................................................................................................................................62 SECTION Jonquilla ...........................................................................................................................................................................65 SECTION Apodanthi.........................................................................................................................................................................68 SECTION Ganymedes.......................................................................................................................................................................70 SECTION Bulbocodium ....................................................................................................................................................................71 SECTION Pseudonarcissus...............................................................................................................................................................74 Intersectional Hybrids.....................................................................................................................................................................80 The Daffodil in 15th Century Mainland Europe ............................................................................................................................101 England .........................................................................................................................................................................................101 In the beginning.......................................................................................................................................................................101 Enthusiasts of the early 19th century ......................................................................................................................................102 The clergy lend a hand.............................................................................................................................................................104 The botanists ...........................................................................................................................................................................106 The ‘King of Daffodils’..............................................................................................................................................................107 The Backhouses .......................................................................................................................................................................108 The Williams’ family.................................................................................................................................................................110 One to remember....................................................................................................................................................................111 The early development of double-flowered cultivars..............................................................................................................113 Small is beautiful......................................................................................................................................................................113 Other recent hybridists in England ..........................................................................................................................................114 The State lends a hand – Rosewarne Experimental Horticulture Station, Camborne, Cornwall .............................................116 Hybridists, Botanists and Enthusiasts in Ireland ......................................................................................................................117 The Richardsons of Waterford (1890-1978) ............................................................................................................................120 James Coey (1863-1921...........................................................................................................................................................124
In the The Nether ates of America. CHAPTER 9 THE YELLOW DAFFODILS. 137 3? Guy W on's Ye low Trumpet al Yellow Trumn of the 1950s 14 Modern Yell w Trumpet 14 dk1980-2010 Ihe small-cupped yellow 15 CHAPTER 10 THE WHITE DAFFODILS The Wild White mpets. White rum The Large Cupped Whites 6 rtant early whit again nedenarge 66 The small-cupped W ites Other cultivars (1920-1960). CHAPTER 11 THE BICOLORS 181 88 he。 umpet bicolor -cup The Bicolors (W-Y),9-010. 18 CHAPTER 12 THE REVERSE BICOLORS. The Role of Narcissus triandrus .194 utivars spebn8p5 9 80-2010. -cupped reverse bicolors The small-cupped reverse bicolors. .198 6
6 In the ‘footsteps’ of Guy Wilson ..............................................................................................................................................125 Scotland and Wales.......................................................................................................................................................................128 The Netherlands............................................................................................................................................................................130 Other Dutch Hybridists............................................................................................................................................................130 Portugal.........................................................................................................................................................................................131 Australasia.....................................................................................................................................................................................131 United States of America ..............................................................................................................................................................132 CHAPTER 9 THE YELLOW DAFFODILS................................................................................................................................137 The Trinity College Maximus.........................................................................................................................................................137 Early Developments Outside Ireland.............................................................................................................................................139 Guy Wilson’s Yellow Trumpets......................................................................................................................................................141 J. Lionel Richardson’s Yellow Trumpets ........................................................................................................................................142 Commercial Yellow Trumpets of the 1950s ..................................................................................................................................144 Modern Yellow Trumpets .............................................................................................................................................................145 The Large-Cupped Yellows............................................................................................................................................................146 The Small-Cupped Yellows............................................................................................................................................................148 The Yellow Daffodils 1980-2010 ...................................................................................................................................................149 The yellow trumpets................................................................................................................................................................149 The large-cupped yellows........................................................................................................................................................149 The small-cupped yellows........................................................................................................................................................150 CHAPTER 10 THE WHITE DAFFODILS ................................................................................................................................154 The Wild White Trumpets.............................................................................................................................................................154 Important Early Cultivars ..............................................................................................................................................................154 Guy Wilson’s White Trumpet Daffodils.........................................................................................................................................156 ‘Kanchenjunga’ and the Giant Whites...........................................................................................................................................157 Modern White Trumpets..............................................................................................................................................................162 The Large-Cupped Whites.............................................................................................................................................................163 The Leedsiis .............................................................................................................................................................................163 Other important early whites..................................................................................................................................................164 Guy Wilson again .....................................................................................................................................................................165 Other Irish cultivars .................................................................................................................................................................167 Some modern large-cupped whites.........................................................................................................................................167 The Small-cupped Whites .............................................................................................................................................................169 Guy Wilson’s cultivars..............................................................................................................................................................169 Other cultivars (1920-1960).....................................................................................................................................................170 Modern cultivars......................................................................................................................................................................170 White Daffodils 1980-2010 ...........................................................................................................................................................171 CHAPTER 11 THE BICOLORS .......................................................................................................................................181 Early Bicolor Cultivars ...................................................................................................................................................................181 20th Century Bicolors....................................................................................................................................................................182 The trumpet bicolors...............................................................................................................................................................183 The large-cupped bicolors .......................................................................................................................................................186 The small-cupped bicolors.......................................................................................................................................................188 Bicolors (W-Y), 1980-2010 ............................................................................................................................................................189 CHAPTER 12 THE REVERSE BICOLORS...............................................................................................................................194 The Role of Narcissus triandrus.....................................................................................................................................................194 The Reverse Bicolor Cultivars........................................................................................................................................................194 A Remarkable Journey ..................................................................................................................................................................196 ‘Spellbinder’ ..................................................................................................................................................................................196 The American Reverse Bicolor Cultivars .......................................................................................................................................197 Some Other Modern Reverse Bicolor Cultivars.............................................................................................................................197 Reverse Bicolors (Y-W), 1980-2010...............................................................................................................................................198 The trumpet reverse bicolors ..................................................................................................................................................198 The large-cupped reverse bicolors...........................................................................................................................................198 The small-cupped reverse bicolors..........................................................................................................................................198
CHAPTER 13 THE DOUBLE DAFFODILS Double Daffodils in History. .202 the Waterford Double In Lionel's Footstep ecent Advance Double Daffodils 1980-2010. 212 CHAPTER 14 THE PINK DAFFODILS …218 The Spe ies Daffodils and Pink .218 Ongins of Pi nd of the Modern Pinks. Austr s1930-194 948-1960 42 MrsJ.Lionel Richardson 1961-1973 The trumpet pinks (W-P) pet pinks (Y-P) ) The arge -cupped pinks(Y-P) 33 CHAPTER 15 THE WHITE AND ORANGE/RED DAFFODILS.. 237 nEaiakclnaoon ed Cultivars ge/Red Daffodil Other Recent Whiteand Orange/Red Cultivars.. WhtdW-OR The large-cupped orange/red daffodils (2W-YYO/R) 4 The W-YYO CHAPTER 16 THE YELLOW AND ORANGE/RED DAFFODILS 252 25 ars 'Fortune'-The Magnificent ford Flowers Guy L.Wils on's Yellow and Red Daffodils. Some Other Notable Wilson Cultivars. .B.Lea ds1980-2010 66
7 CHAPTER 13 THE DOUBLE DAFFODILS..............................................................................................................................202 Double Daffodils in History ...........................................................................................................................................................202 The Early Garden Hybrids..............................................................................................................................................................208 J. Lionel Richardson and the Waterford Doubles..........................................................................................................................208 In Lionel’s Footsteps .....................................................................................................................................................................212 Recent Advances in Pink Doubles in Ireland .................................................................................................................................212 Other Important Modern Doubles................................................................................................................................................213 Double Daffodils 1980-2010 .........................................................................................................................................................214 CHAPTER 14 THE PINK DAFFODILS ...................................................................................................................................218 The Species Daffodils and Pink......................................................................................................................................................218 The Early Cultivars and Possible Origins of Pink............................................................................................................................218 Origins of the Pink Colouration in ‘Apricot’ .............................................................................................................................219 Background of the Modern Pinks..................................................................................................................................................220 Pink Daffodils in Australia .............................................................................................................................................................222 Science Helps Solve the Mystery...................................................................................................................................................223 Early Irish Pink Daffodils 1930-1947..............................................................................................................................................224 The Work of J. Lionel Richardson 1948-1960................................................................................................................................224 Guy Wilson’s Pink Daffodils...........................................................................................................................................................226 Mrs J. Lionel Richardson 1961-1973 .............................................................................................................................................227 Some Recent Pinks........................................................................................................................................................................227 The trumpet pinks (W-P) .........................................................................................................................................................228 The trumpet pinks (Y-P)...........................................................................................................................................................228 The large-cupped pinks (W-P)..................................................................................................................................................229 The large-cupped pinks (Y-P) ...................................................................................................................................................229 The small-cupped pinks (Y-P)...................................................................................................................................................229 Major Events in the History of Daffodils with Pink Coronas .........................................................................................................230 CHAPTER 15 THE WHITE AND ORANGE/RED DAFFODILS..................................................................................................237 Influential Early Cultivars ..............................................................................................................................................................237 The Early Work of J.L. Richardson .................................................................................................................................................239 The ‘Kilworth’ and ‘Arbar’ Cross ...................................................................................................................................................240 Other Important Richardson Cultivars..........................................................................................................................................243 Guy L. Wilson’s Rimmed Cultivars.................................................................................................................................................243 Other Irish-raised Cultivars ...........................................................................................................................................................244 Lea’s White and Orange/Red Daffodils.........................................................................................................................................245 Other Recent White and Orange/Red Cultivars............................................................................................................................246 White and Orange/Red Daffodils 1980-2010................................................................................................................................247 The large-cupped orange/red daffodils (2W-O/R)...................................................................................................................247 The large-cupped orange/red daffodils (2W-YYO/R)...............................................................................................................247 The small-cupped orange/red daffodils (3W-O/R) ..................................................................................................................247 The small-cupped orange/red daffodils (2W-YYO/R)...............................................................................................................247 CHAPTER 16 THE YELLOW AND ORANGE/RED DAFFODILS ...............................................................................................252 Beginnings.....................................................................................................................................................................................252 Early Cultivars ...............................................................................................................................................................................252 P.D. and J.C. Williams....................................................................................................................................................................253 Miss G. Evelyn’s Famous Trio........................................................................................................................................................254 ‘Fortune’ – The Magnificent..........................................................................................................................................................255 In ‘The Far North’ ..........................................................................................................................................................................256 The Waterford Flowers.................................................................................................................................................................257 Guy L. Wilson’s Yellow and Red Daffodils.....................................................................................................................................259 The ‘Armada’ Story .......................................................................................................................................................................260 Some Other Notable Wilson Cultivars...........................................................................................................................................262 J.S.B. Lea........................................................................................................................................................................................263 Other Recent Cultivars..................................................................................................................................................................264 Rimmed is Beautiful ......................................................................................................................................................................265 Flowers of Ever Deeper Colour .....................................................................................................................................................265 Yellow and Orange/Red Daffodils 1980-2010...............................................................................................................................266
rumpet/red daffodils (1Y-O/R The large -cupped yellowand range/red daffodils (-YYOR) 36 CHAPTER 17 THE POETICUS CULTIVARS 273 Some Other Early Poeticus Hybrids ticus Hvbrids Poeticus Cultivars 1980-2010.. .274 CHAPTER 18 SOME OTHER HYBRIDS OF GARDEN ORIGIN.76 Division 5-The Triandrus Hybrids. 219 Dvhetrian uscultivars affodils of Garden Origin yclamineus ot G CHAPTER 19 DIVISIONS 10(BULBOCOD/UM CVS)AND 12(MISCELLANEOUS DAFFODILS). .296 CHAPTER 20 DIVISION 11-SPLIT CORONA DAFFODILS .300 CHAPTER 21 HYBRIDISATION. 305 A Brief ntroduction to the History of Plant Bree ding 305 y to Hybridise Aid to Hybr election c seedlings of success? Loo 31 CHAPTER 22 PROPAGATION .325 ReasUeetgeieproacton Cross-cutting and scooping. Colchicine and the Inducement of Polyploid Forms ACautionary Note on the Use of Chemicals .332 CHAPTER 23 GROWING DAFFODILS .336 Naturalised Daffodils 3 Daffodils in Borders and Rock Gardens conse dthe Historic Colections Field Produc of Cut Flowers rage of bulbs 34 lower Bu Retardati Shift
8 The trumpet yellow and orange/red daffodils (1Y-O/R)..........................................................................................................266 The large-cupped yellow and orange/red daffodils (2Y-O/R)..................................................................................................267 The large-cupped yellow and orange/red daffodils (2Y-YYO/R) ..............................................................................................267 The small-cupped yellow and orange/red daffodils (3Y-O/R)..................................................................................................267 The small-cupped yellow and orange/red daffodils (3Y-YYO/R)..............................................................................................267 CHAPTER 17 THE POETICUS CULTIVARS ...........................................................................................................................272 The Early Cultivars of Engleheart ..................................................................................................................................................273 Some Other Early Poeticus Hybrids...............................................................................................................................................273 ‘Cantabile’ .....................................................................................................................................................................................274 Modern Poeticus Hybrids..............................................................................................................................................................274 Poeticus Cultivars 1980-2010........................................................................................................................................................274 CHAPTER 18 SOME OTHER HYBRIDS OF GARDEN ORIGIN ................................................................................................276 Division 5 – The Triandrus Hybrids................................................................................................................................................276 The triandrus cultivars.............................................................................................................................................................277 Divison 6 – Cyclamineus Daffodils of Garden Origin .....................................................................................................................278 The cyclamineus cultivars........................................................................................................................................................278 Division 7 – Jonquil Daffodils of Garden Origin.............................................................................................................................280 Division 8 - Tazetta Daffodils of Garden Origin.............................................................................................................................282 CHAPTER 19 DIVISIONS 10 (BULBOCODIUM CVS) AND 12 (MISCELLANEOUS DAFFODILS)................................................296 CHAPTER 20 DIVISION 11 – SPLIT CORONA DAFFODILS....................................................................................................300 CHAPTER 21 HYBRIDISATION...........................................................................................................................................305 A Brief Introduction to the History of Plant Breeding ...................................................................................................................305 Chromosome Number and the Ability to Hybridise ......................................................................................................................305 Plant Manipulation as an Aid to Hybridisation..............................................................................................................................310 Mutations......................................................................................................................................................................................310 Induced mutations...................................................................................................................................................................311 Practical Aspects of Hybridisation.................................................................................................................................................312 Selection of seedlings ..............................................................................................................................................................313 What are the chances of success? ...........................................................................................................................................314 Looking into the Future.................................................................................................................................................................314 Hybridisation Records...................................................................................................................................................................318 Recording Cultivars.......................................................................................................................................................................319 CHAPTER 22 PROPAGATION ............................................................................................................................................325 Propagation by Seed .....................................................................................................................................................................325 Natural Vegetative Reproduction .................................................................................................................................................326 Cross-cutting and Scooping...........................................................................................................................................................326 Twin-scaling ..................................................................................................................................................................................327 Colchicine and the Inducement of Polyploid Forms......................................................................................................................329 Chipping ........................................................................................................................................................................................329 Micro-propagation........................................................................................................................................................................331 A Cautionary Note on the Use of Chemicals.................................................................................................................................332 CHAPTER 23 GROWING DAFFODILS .................................................................................................................................336 Naturalised Daffodils.....................................................................................................................................................................336 Daffodils in Borders and Rock Gardens.........................................................................................................................................338 Bulbs in Pots..................................................................................................................................................................................338 Conservation and the Historic Collections....................................................................................................................................339 Field Production of Cut Flowers....................................................................................................................................................340 Harvesting the Flowers .................................................................................................................................................................342 Lifting and Storage of Bulbs ..........................................................................................................................................................342 Flower Forcing...............................................................................................................................................................................343 Daffodil Bulb Production...............................................................................................................................................................346 Bulb Retardation ...........................................................................................................................................................................350 The Influence of Hemisphere Shift on Flowering ..........................................................................................................................350