9 %toxaphene; baits containing 1 toxaphene, a 2: 1 toxaphene DDT'emulsion; and a dust containing 14% toxaphene and 7% DDT In 1982, EPA cancelled the registrations of toxaphene for most uses as a pesticide or pesticide ingredient, except for certa in uses under specific terms and conditions(ATSDR, 1996) 33. Especially in the United States, the definition of technical toxaphene "was patterned after the Hercules Incorporated product(Hercules Code Number 3956)marketed underthe trademark name of Toxaphene. "In recent years, Hercules Incorporated has essentially let the name of toxaphene lapse into the public domain so that many products with similar properties are referred to as toxaphene. Other companies used slightly different manufacturing processes, lead ing to a chlorinated camphene mixture with degrees of totalchlorination and a distribution of specific congeners that are not the same as the Hercules Incorporated product. For instance, the toxaphene- like product commonly marketed under names like Stroban(e)"had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996 toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is im possible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastem Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides(ATSDr. 1996)." Stroban(e) had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many count ries in Latin America, Eastem Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides(ATSDR, 1996) Toxaphene was introduced in 1949 and became the most heavily used organochlorine pesticide in he United States until its ban in 1982. High production rates were also reported for Brazil, the former Soviet Union and the former German Democratic Republic as well as for Central America(Voldner and Lie, 1993) While most attention has been focused on the intention l production of polychlorinated camphene(PCCs)as pesticide agents, there is growing evidence that PCC congeners may be an unintentional byproduct of manufacturing processes that use chlorination, such as those for paperand pulp. Studies a bout places as far flung as New Zealand, Japan, the Great Lakes region in the United States, or Scandinavia suggest that PCCs can be found in many parts of the world where toxaphene mixtures have never been used as pesticide agents (ATSDR, 1996) (e)Use Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used insecticides in the United States until 1982, when it was cancelled for most uses; all uses were banned in 1990. Voldner and Lie(1993)estimated a global usage of 1.3 billion kg from 1950 to 1993 Toxaphene was formerly used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide with some acaricidalactivity. Being nonphytotoxic(except to cucurbits), it was used to control many insects thriving on cotton,com, fruit, vegetables, and small grains and to control the Cussia obtusifola soy b ean pest. Toxaphene was also used to control livestock ectoparasites such as lice, flies, ticks, mange, and scab mites. Its relatively low toxicity to bees and its long-persisting insecticidal effect made it particularly useful in the treatment of flowering plants. Toxaphene was not used to control cockroaches because its action on them is weaker than chlordane, Toxaphene was used at one time in the United States to eradicate fish. The principal use was for pest control on cotton crops. In 1974, an estimated 20 Mio kg used in the United States was distributed as follows: 85 % on cotton; 7% on livestock and poultry, 5 % on other field crops; 3% on soybeans; and less than 1 %on sorghum. Based on estimates of von Rumkeret al (1974)for 1972, 75% of the to xaphene commercialapplications Toxaphene solutions were often mixed with other pesticides partly because production for that year was for agricultural use; 24% was exported; and I was used for industrial ar toxaphene solutions appear to help solubilize other insecticides with low water solubility. Toxaphene was frequently applied with methylor ethyl parathion, DDT, and lindane. Through the early 1970s toxaphene or mixtures of toxaphene with rotenone were used widely in lakes and streams by fish and game agencies to eliminate biologic communities that were considered undesira ble for sport fishing(ATSDR, 1996) Wastes Wastes consisting of, conta ining or contam inated with pesticide POPs are found in a numberof physical forms including (a)Obsolete stockpiles of pesticides in original packages which are no longer usable because of their exceeded shelf life and/or because of deteriorated packages (b)Liquids consisting of, containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs(technical grade pesticide diluted with specific solvents such as gas oil and others April 2005 10
[Document Number] April 2005 10 9 % toxaphene; baits containing 1 % toxaphene; a 2:1 toxaphene:DDT emulsion; and a dust containing 14 % toxaphene and 7 % DDT. In 1982, EPA cancelled the registrations of toxaphene for most uses as a pesticide or pesticide ingredient, except for certain uses under specific terms and conditions (ATSDR, 1996). 33. Especially in the United States, the definition of “technical toxaphene” was patterned after the Hercules Incorporated product (Hercules Code Number 3956) marketed under the trademark name of “Toxaphene.” In recent years, Hercules Incorporated has essentially let the name of toxaphene lapse into the public domain so that many products with similar properties are referred to as toxaphene. Other companies used slightly different manufacturing processes, leading to a chlorinated camphene mixture with degrees of total chlorination and a distribution of specific congeners that are not the same as the Hercules Incorporated product. For instance, the toxaphene-like product commonly marketed under names like “Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR, 1996). “Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks. In 1996, toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries. While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates, India and many countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR, 1996). 34. Toxaphene was introduced in 1949 and became the most heavily used organochlorine pesticide in the United States until its ban in 1982. High production rates were also reported for Brazil, the former Soviet Union and the former German Democratic Republic as well as for Central America (Voldner and Lie, 1993). While most attention has been focused on the intentiona l production of polychlorinated camphenes (PCCs) as pesticide agents, there is growing evidence that PCC congeners may be an unintentional byproduct of manufacturing processes that use chlorination, such as those for paper and pulp. Studies about places as farflung as New Zealand, Japan, the Great Lakes region in the United States, or Scandinavia suggest that PCCs can be found in many parts of the world where toxaphene mixtures have never been used as pesticide agents (ATSDR, 1996). (c) Use 35. Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used insecticides in the United States until 1982, when it was cancelled for most uses; all uses were banned in 1990. Voldner and Lie (1993) estimated a global usage of 1.3 billion kg from 1950 to 1993. 36. Toxaphene was formerly used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide with some acaricidal activity. Being nonphytotoxic (except to cucurbits), it was used to control many insects thriving on cotton, corn, fruit, vegetables, and small grains and to control the Cussia obtusifola soyb ean pest. Toxaphene was also used to control livestock ectoparasites such as lice, flies, ticks, mange, and scab mites. Its relatively low toxicity to bees and its long-persisting insecticidal effect made it particularly useful in the treatment of flowering plants. Toxaphene was not used to control cockroaches because its action on them is weaker than chlordane. Toxaphene was used at one time in the United States to eradicate fish. The principal use was for pest control on cotton crops. In 1974, an estimated 20 Mio kg used in the United States was distributed as follows: 85 % on cotton; 7 % on livestock and poultry; 5 % on other field crops; 3 % on soybeans; and less than 1 % on sorghum. Based on estimates of von Rumker et al. (1974) for 1972, 75 % of the to xaphene production for that year was for agricultural use; 24 % was exported; and 1 % was used for industrial and commercial applications. Toxaphene solutions were often mixed with other pesticides partly because toxaphene solutions appear to help solubilize other insecticides with low water solubility. Toxaphene was frequently applied with methyl or ethyl parathion, DDT, and lindane. Through the early 1970s toxaphene or mixtures of toxaphene with rotenone were used widely in lakes and streams by fish and game agencies to eliminate biologic communities that were considered undesirable for sport fishing (ATSDR, 1996). 9 Wastes 37. Wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with pesticide POPs are found in a number of physical forms including: (a) Obsolete stockpiles of pesticides in original packages which are no longer usable because of their exceeded shelf life and/or because of deteriorated packages; (b) Liquids consisting of, containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (technical grade pesticide diluted with specific solvents such as gas oil and others);
(c) Solid materials consisting of, conta ining or contam inated with Pesticide POPs Inical grade pesticide mixed with inert materials), includ ling applicat (d)Demolition wastes(storage walls and slabs, foundations, beams etc. )containing or (e) Equipment containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs(shelves, spray pumps, hoses, personal protective materials, vehicles, storage tanks, etc. ; (f) Empty packagingmaterials contam inated with Pesticide POPs (like metaldrums (g) Soil and watercontaminated with Pesticide POps(soil, sediment, groundwater, drinking water, open water); (h) Sewage sludge I. Relevant provisions of the Basel and stockholm Conventions A. Basel convention Article 1( Scope of Convention")outlines the waste types subject to the Basel Convention. Article I paragraph 1(a )of the Basel Convention contains a two-step process for determining if a"waste"is a hazardous waste "subject to the Convention. First, the waste must belong to any category contained in Annex to the Convention ("Categories of Wastes to be Controlled"). Second, the waste must possess at least one of the characteristics listed in Annex Ill to the Convention("List of Hazardous Characteristics") Annex I lists some of the wastes that may consist of, contain or be contaminated with Pestic ide POPs these include Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products Y4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals Y5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operationgsolvents astes from the production, formulation and use of organic Wastes contained in Annex I are presumed to exhibit an Annex Ill hazardous characteristic- for example Hll Toxic(Delayed or Chronic), H12", or H6. 1"Poisonous(Acute)'-unless, through national tests", they can be shown to not exhibit the characteristics. National tests may be useful fora particular hazard characteristic in Annex Ill until such time as the hazardous characteristic is fully defined Guidance papers for each Annex Ill hazardous characteristic are currently being developed under the Basel 41 Annex VIll describes wastes that are "characterized as hazardous under article I paragraph 1 (a) although "Designation of a waste on Annex Vill does not preclude the use of Annex Ill(hazard characteristics) to demonstrate that a waste is not hazardous. -Annex IX lists wastes that will not be wastes covered by article I paragraph 1(a ), unless they conta in Annex I material to an extent causing them to exhibit an Annex Ill characteristic-The following wastes are applicable to Pesticide POps Wastes from the production, preparation and use of pharmaceutical products but excluding such wastes specified on list B A4030 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and A4040 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood-preserving Annex VIll includes a numberof wastes or waste categories that have the potential to conta in or be contaminated with Pesticide POPs owing to past applications of these substances, such as Outdated"means unused within the period This entry does not include wood treated with wood-preserving chemicals. April 2005 Il
[Document Number] April 2005 11 (c) Solid materials consisting of, containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (technical grade pesticide mixed with inert materials), including application equipment and empty packaging equipment; (d) Demolition wastes (storage walls and slabs, foundations, beams etc.) containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs; (e) Equipment containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (shelves, spray pumps, hoses, personal protective materials, vehicles, storage tanks, etc.); (f) Empty packaging materials contaminated with Pesticide POPs (like metal drums, paper bags, plastic bottles, glass bottles, etc.); (g) Soil and water contaminated with Pesticide POPs (soil, sediment, groundwater, drinking water, open water); (h) Sewage sludge. II. Relevant provisions of the Basel and Stockholm Conventions A. Basel Convention 38. Article 1 (“Scope of Convention”) outlines the waste types subject to the Basel Convention. Article 1 paragraph 1(a) of the Basel Convention contains a two-step process for determining if a “waste” is a “hazardous waste” subject to the Convention. First, the waste must belong to any category contained in Annex I to the Convention (“Categories of Wastes to be Controlled”). Second, the waste must possess at least one of the characteristics listed in Annex III to the Convention (“List of Hazardous Characteristics”). 39. Annex I lists some of the wastes that may consist of, contain or be contaminated with Pesticide POPs, these include: Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products Y4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals Y5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals Y6 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of organic solvents Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations 40. Wastes contained in Annex I are presumed to exhibit an Annex III hazardous characteristic – for example H11 “Toxic (Delayed or Chronic)”; H12 “Ecotoxic”; or H6.1 “Poisonous (Acute)” – unless, through “national tests”, they can be shown to not exhibit the characteristics. National tests may be useful for a particular hazard characteristic in Annex III until such time as the hazardous characteristic is fully defined. Guidance papers for each Annex III hazardous characteristic are currently being developed under the Basel Convention. 41. Annex VIII describes wastes that are “characterized as hazardous under article 1 paragraph 1(a)” although “Designation of a waste on Annex VIII does not preclude the use of Annex III (hazard characteristics) to demonstrate that a waste is not hazardous.”-Annex IX lists wastes that will not be wastes covered by article 1 paragraph 1(a), unless they contain Annex I material to an extent causing them to exhibit an Anne x III characteristic- The following wastes are applicable to Pesticide POPs: A4010 Wastes from the production, preparation and use of pharmaceutical products but excluding such wastes specified on list B A4030 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals, including waste pesticides and herbicides, which are offspecification, outdated2 , or unfit for their originally intended use A4040 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood-preserving chemicals3 42. Annex VIII includes a number of wastes or waste categories that have the potential to contain or be contaminated with Pesticide POPs owing to past applications of these substances, such as: 2 Outdated” means unused within the period recommended by the manufacturer. 3 This entry does not include wood treated with wood-preserving chemicals