Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy Kerstin Voigt Editors ②Springer
Molecular Identification of Fungi
Molecular Identification of Fungi
Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth's biosphere.They enjoy great popularity in advanc d。 ofwhole fu ngal genomes prom tion of th se trends. New technic the geneti ation of an increasing number of fungal organisms to satisfy the demand of industrial purposes.The increasing importance-driven search of novel detection techniques and new fungal species initiated the idea for a book about the molecular identification of fungi. The kingdom of the fungi (Mycota)appears as the sister group of the multi- animalan independent.apparently monophyieu within the domain fukar equal ine ank to gre plants (Viridiplan ae) als (Metazoa)fung rbo yo croorga ism chitin in their 11 walls ng plas Formerly,the oomycetes.slime moulds and plasm diopho as fungi based on their ability to produce fungus-like hyphae or resting spores Whereas the Oomycota are classified to the stramenopile algae (Chromista or Heterokonta).and the plasmodial and cellular slime moulds(Mycetozoa)belong to the Amoebozoa.The Plasmodiophoromycota are among the cercozoan Rhi- zaria closely related to the foraminifers.A three-protein phylogeny of the fungi and their allies confirms that the n ucleariids. ophic bae with filose in soil and freshv ts of a P ancesto (Fig.1).The ngal ki passes the Asco-Ba Glomero- encom Zygo-anc Chytridiomycota The form four phyla are terrestrial fungi developing nonflagellated spores (aplanosporic) whereas the Chytridiomycota represent aquatic and zoosporic(planosporic)fungi. which split into three individual taxon groups,the aerobic Blastocladio-and Chytridiomycota sensu stricto and the anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota.The Zygomycota are among the most basal terrestrial fungi,which evolved in a par raphyletic manner.Hence,the phylum was divided into different subphyla. v啦
Preface Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere. They enjoy great popularity in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnological applications. Recent advances in the decipherment of whole fungal genomes promise a continuation and acceleration of these trends. New techniques become available to facilitate the genetic manipulation of an increasing number of fungal organisms to satisfy the demand of industrial purposes. The increasing importance-driven search of novel detection techniques and new fungal species initiated the idea for a book about the molecular identification of fungi. The kingdom of the fungi (Mycota) appears as the sister group of the multicellular animals (Metazoa) as an independent, apparently monophyletic group within the domain Eukarya, equal in rank to green plants (Viridiplantae) and animals (Metazoa). Fungi are originally heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganisms harboring chitin in their cell walls and lacking plastids in their cytoplasm. Formerly, the oomycetes, slime moulds and plasmodiophorids were considered as fungi based on their ability to produce fungus-like hyphae or resting spores. Whereas the Oomycota are classified to the stramenopile algae (Chromista or Heterokonta), and the plasmodial and cellular slime moulds (Mycetozoa) belong to the Amoebozoa. The Plasmodiophoromycota are among the cercozoan Rhizaria closely related to the foraminifers. A three-protein phylogeny of the fungi and their allies confirms that the nucleariids, phagotrophic amoebae with filose pseudopods in soil and freshwater, may represent descendants of a common ancestor at the animal–fungal boundary (Fig. 1). The fungal kingdom encompasses the Asco-, Basidio-, Glomero-, Zygo- and Chytridiomycota. The former four phyla are terrestrial fungi developing nonflagellated spores (aplanosporic), whereas the Chytridiomycota represent aquatic and zoosporic (planosporic) fungi, which split into three individual taxon groups, the aerobic Blastocladio- and Chytridiomycota sensu stricto and the anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota. The Zygomycota are among the most basal terrestrial fungi, which evolved in a paraphyletic manner. Hence, the phylum was divided into different subphyla, vii
Preface anisms based on a concatenate ncompinioacorandbe Mo u ein te the Mucoro-,Kickxello-,Zoopago-and Entomophthoromycotina,whose phylo ility proportions Fungi develop a wide diversity of morphological features,which are shared with many fungi-like microorganisms(Fig.2).among those the white rust and downy mildew "fungi"(Fig.2g)are obligate parasites of plants and develop fungus-like hyphae with haustoria (ht)in asexual and thick-walled,ornamented oospores (os) from fertilized oospheres after fusion of an oogonium (og)with an antheridium(at) during sexual reproduction (Fig.3). The distributi comes along with a rising importance of novel techniques for a rapid and
the Mucoro-, Kickxello-, Zoopago- and Entomophthoromycotina, whose phylogenetic relationships are not fully understood yet. In the phylogenetic tree shown in Fig. 1, the Entomophthoromycotina group together with the Ichthyosporea, a relationship, is not well supported by clade stability proportions. Fungi develop a wide diversity of morphological features, which are shared with many fungi-like microorganisms (Fig. 2), among those the white rust and downy mildew “fungi” (Fig. 2g) are obligate parasites of plants and develop fungus-like hyphae with haustoria (ht) in asexual and thick-walled, ornamented oospores (os) from fertilized oospheres after fusion of an oogonium (og) with an antheridium (at) during sexual reproduction (Fig. 3). The distribution of fungi among the various ecological niches of the biosphere seems to be infinite. Estimates suggest a total of 1.5 million fungal species, only less than a half has been merely described yet. This implies a backlog demand, which comes along with a rising importance of novel techniques for a rapid and Fig. 1 The evolution of the fungi and allied fungi-like microorganisms based on a concatenated neighbor-joining analysis using mean character differences as distance measure on 1,262 aligned amino acid characters comprising translation elongation factor 1 alpha, actin, and beta-tubulin (500, 323 and 439 characters, respectively) from 80 taxa. The prokaryotic elongation factor Tu, MreB (TM1544), and FtsZ (both homologous to actin and tubulin, respectively) from Thermotoga maritima were used as out group taxon representing the bacterial domain viii Preface
Preface orales:Photo:O. microph (m)type of-erd( ductive structures (oospor (y,z):plasmodiophorids (Plasmodiophoromycota:Photos:S
Fig. 2 The morphological diversity of fungi and fungi-like microorganisms. (a–f ): basidiomycetes (Agaricomycotina; Photos: M. Kirchmair); (g) oomycetes (Peronosporales; Photo: O. Spring); (h–j): multicellular conidia from imperfect stages of ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina); (k–s): zygomycetes (Mucoromycotina; Photos: K. Hoffmann, scanning electron microphotographs o & q: M. Eckart & K. Hoffmann): (k, l, p, r, s) – different types of multispored sporangia, (m, n, o): different types of uni‐fewspored sporangiola; (t–x): reproductive structures (zoosporangia) from anaerobic chytridiomycetes (Neocallimastigomycota; Photos: K. Fliegerova); (y, z): plasmodiophorids (Plasmodiophoromycota; Photos: S. Neuhauser & M. Kirchmair). Preface ix