五点左右一around five o'clock 三天左右—three days or so 大约150米处一somewhere about150 meters 好几百一一hundreds of 成千上万，千千万万一thousands of 几十万-hundreds of thousands of 几百万一-一millions of 亿万-hundreds of millions of 4、百分数、小数、分数的口译 8%—eight percent 15%-fifteen percent 42%-forty-two percent 4.35%-four point three five percent 0.5%-point five percent 4.032-four point naught three two 71.006- -seventy-one point naught naught six 1/2-one half:a half 1/3 -one third 1/4-a quarter 3/5- -three-fifths 7/8—-seven-eighths 1/10 -one-tenth 1/100 -one-hundredth:one percent 1/1000- -one-thousandth 14/1000-fourteen-thousandths 1/10000-one-ten thousandths 2-1/2-two and a half 4-2/3-four and two-thirds 5.增减倍数的口译 英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达 方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的 关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义： A is N times larger (longer,heavier.)than B A is larger (longer,heavier.than B by N times. A is N times as large (long,heavy.)as B. 这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小（长度、重量.）是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、 重.)N-1倍”。 根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译： (1)The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的大小是月球的49倍。（或地球比月球大48倍） (2)Since mid-century,the global economy has nearly quintupled,While the population has 42
42 五点左右——around five o’clock 三天左右——three days or so 大约 150 米处——somewhere about 150 meters 好几百——hundreds of 成千上万，千千万万——thousands of 几十万——hundreds of thousands of 几百万——millions of 亿万——hundreds of millions of 4、百分数、小数、分数的口译 8%——eight percent 15%——fifteen percent 42%——forty-two percent 4.35%——four point three five percent 0.5%——point five percent 4.032——four point naught three two 71.006——seventy-one point naught naught six 1/2——one half; a half 1/3——one third 1/4——a quarter 3/5——three-fifths 7/8——seven-eighths 1/10——one-tenth 1/100——one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000——one-thousandth 14/1000——fourteen-thousandths 1/10000——one-ten thousandths 2-1/2——two and a half 4-2/3——four and two-thirds 5. 增/减倍数的口译 英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达 方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用 times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的 关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义： A is N times larger（longer，heavier.）than B. A is larger（longer，heavier.）than B by N times. A is N times as large（long，heavy.）as B. 这三句英语的含义都是“A 的大小(长度、重量.)是 B 的 N 倍”，或者“A 比 B 大（长、 重.）N-1 倍”。 根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译： (1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的大小是月球的 49 倍。(或地球比月球大 48 倍) (2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has
doubled,demand for grain has nearly tripled,and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold. 自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加 了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。 (3)Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world. 30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。 (4)Although London covers less than 400,000 acres,it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food,timber,and other resources,and to absorb its pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地一125倍于它本身的面积 一来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。 汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类：第一类表示是（原数的）几倍，几倍于（原数）或增加 到（原数的）几倍。第二类表示（比原数）大几倍或（比原数）增加了几倍：这两类说法含义不同。 第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因 此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要 用N+l)times来表示。例如： 去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。 The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year. The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year. 汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净 增倍数，然后决定用N times还是(N+l)times来表达。例如： (1)过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。 In the past 20 years,China's gross domestic product increased nearly six times. (2)1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。 China's per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997. (3)中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米， 增加1.4倍。 The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997,a rise of 2.4 times. (4)1949年至1998年，中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨，增长3.5倍，年平 均增长3.1%，是人口增长率的2.5倍。 China's total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times,with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent,2.5 times that of the population growth. (5)1997年，全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人，其中研究生18万人，分别是1979年 的2.2倍和9.6倍。 In 1997,6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities,including 180,000 postgraduates,2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively. 43
43 doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold. 自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加 了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。 (3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world. 30 年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。 (4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到 40 万英亩，却需要近 5000 万英亩的土地——125 倍于它本身的面积 ——来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。 汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类：第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加 到(原数的)几倍。第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍；这两类说法含义不同。 第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因 此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能 N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要 用 (N+1) times 来表示。例如： 去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。 The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year. The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year. 汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净 增倍数，然后决定用 N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。例如： (1) 过去 20 年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。 In the past 20 years, China’s gross domestic product increased nearly six times. (2) 1978 年至 1997 年，中国人均生产总值增长了 3.4 倍。 China’s per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997. (3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由 1978 年的 3.6 平方米提高到 1997 年的 8.8 平方米， 增加 1.4 倍。 The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times. (4) 1949 年至 1998 年, 中国的粮食总产量由 1.1 亿吨增加到 5.1 亿吨, 增长 3.5 倍, 年平 均增长 3.1%, 是人口增长率的 2.5 倍。 China's total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth. (5) 1997 年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为 608 万人, 其中研究生 18 万人, 分别是 1979 年 的 2.2 倍和 9.6 倍。 In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively
由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成” 的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。例如： (1)由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。 Owing to flood,the crop last year was declined by 30 percent. (2)该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。 The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth. (3)1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少 了近一半。 In 1998,the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met.Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half. 6.增/减百分比的口译 “增减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分 数的表示法有以下几种： 1)增/减了.% increase/rise/grow.% decrease/drop/fall/sink.% 或者 increase/rise/grow/go up by.% decrease/drop/fall/go down by.% 例如： Between 1986 and 1987,Nike's sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok. 与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果，从1986到1987年，耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了18%， 利润下降了40%多。 (1)By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average,in 1995 and 1996, Nike's sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively:meanwhile,Nike's closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨 了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。 (3)Procter&Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%. (美国)普罗科特一甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。 (4)Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30%last year. 去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。 (5)In the fiscal year of 2000,ending on March 30,export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand,9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong.However,the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter. 在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰国10%、南韩 9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了第一季度7.5%的可观增长。 44
44 由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成” 的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。例如： (1) 由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。 Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent. (2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。 The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth. (3) 1998 年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从 40 个减少到 29 个，人员减少 了近一半。 In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half. 6. 增/减百分比的口译 “增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分 数的表示法有以下几种： 1) 增/减了.% increase/rise/grow.% decrease/drop/fall/sink .% 或者 increase/rise/grow/go up by .% decrease/drop/fall/go down by .% 例如： Between 1986 and 1987, Nike's sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok. 与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果，从 1986 到 1987 年， 耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了 18%， 利润下降了 40%多。 (1) By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nike's sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile, Nike's closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995 到 1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨 了 71%和 80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了 9%。 (3) Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%. (美国) 普罗科特—甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了 8%。 (4) Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year. 去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了 30%。 (5) In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter. 在 3 月 30 日刚刚结束的 2000 财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了 11.3%，泰国 10%、南韩 9.9%、香港 2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了第一季度 7.5%的可观增长
(6)In America,the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997,down 8.7 percent from 1992,while the number between (the age of)25 to 34 fell 28 percent. 在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961,560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而 年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。 2)与.相比，增/减了.% increase/rise/grow/go up by .%(as)compared with/as against as opposed to over. decrease/drop/fall/go down by.%(as)compared with /as against as opposed to /over. 例如 (1)1999年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。 University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year. (2)同1997年相比，1998年工业排污减少了11.6%：家庭排污增加了2.6%。 Compared with 1997,the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent,while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998. (3)因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%，其中进口总 额下降1.5%：出口总额增长0.5%。 As a result of Asian financial crises,China's total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year,of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent,and the value of export went up by 0.5 percent. 3)增/减率 be.%increase/rise /growth. be.%decrease/drop /decline. an increase a rise /a growth rate of.% a decrease/drop/decline of.% be.%up /down. be up down.% 例如： 1999年，中国外贸出口达1949亿美元，比上年增长6.1%。 China's total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999,a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year. 1998年，中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次，比上年增长10.2%，国际旅游收入 达126亿美元，增长4.4%。 In 1998,China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas,up by 10.2 percent.Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars,up 4.4 percent. 4)增/减具体数字的英译也可用“by”+具体数字来表示 例如： 我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积已达367 万平方公里，占总土地面积将近38%。 45
45 (6) In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent. 在美国以农业为主要职业的人数 1997 下降到 961，560 人，比 1992 下降了 8.7%，而 年龄在 25 到 34 岁的人数下降了 28%。 2) 与.相比，增/减了.% increase/rise/grow /go up by .% (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / over. decrease/drop/fall/go down by .% (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over. 例如: (1) 1999 年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了 47.4%。 University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year. (2) 同 1997 年相比，1998 年工业排污减少了 11.6%；家庭排污增加了 2.6%。 Compared with 1997, the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998. (3) 因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998 年中国进出口总额比上年下降 0.4%，其中进口总 额下降 1.5%；出口总额增长 0.5%。 As a result of Asian financial crises, China’s total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of export went up by 0.5 percent. 3) 增/减率 be .% increase/ rise /growth. be .% decrease/drop /decline. an increase / a rise / a growth rate of .% a decrease / drop / decline of .% be .% up /down . be up / down.% 例如： 1999 年，中国外贸出口达 1949 亿美元，比上年增长 6.1%。 China’s total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year. 1998 年，中国全年海外游客入境人数 6348 万人次，比上年增长 10.2%, 国际旅游收入 达 126 亿美元, 增长 4.4%。 In 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars, up 4.4 percent. 4) 增/减具体数字的英译也可用 “by” +具体数字来表示 例如： 我国水土流失面积每年以 10,000 平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积已达 367 万平方公里,占总土地面积将近 38%
The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km.annually to 3.67 million square km.at present,accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area. 由于低温多雨的影响，我国夏粮减产1460万吨。 China's output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period. 汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英语的增/减百分数 都是净增/减数。 实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译 员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互 译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。 三、习语、引语的口译 口译实践中，译员经常会遇到习语、引语的互译。特别是为国家元首、高级官员、文化 人士、社会名流做口译时，译员会发现他们在事先精心准备的讲话或随意交谈中，时常出其 不意的借用本国或外国习语，引用名人或名著中的妙语佳句来表达自己的立场、观点或赞颂 对方的民族和文化。例如，英国前首相撒切尔和美国前几届总统访华时，都在不同场合的 讲话中有意引用中国习语或引语，借以表达他们的立场和观点。 美国总统尼克松1972年1月访华时在宴会祝酒词中引用毛泽东主席诗词中的话。他说： Chairman has written:So many deeds cry out to be done,and always urgently;the world rolls on, time presses.Ten thousand years are too long:seize the day,seize the hour!This is the hour. This is the day for our two people.(毛出席写过：多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万 年太久，只争朝夕！现在就是我们两国人民只争朝夕的时候了.) 英国首相撒切尔在她l982年9月的访华讲话中引用唐代诗人的佳句：In a poem addressed to a departing friend,one of your Tang poets said:"provided our friendship survives,distances mean very little;although dwelling on far horizons we can still be as near neighbors.”(在一首送 别朋友的诗中，贵国唐代一位诗人曾写道：“海内存知己，天涯若比邻。”) 美国总统里根1984年4月访华时在人民大会堂的讲演中说：We only regret that our visit is so brief that we can only look at the flowers while riding on horseback,But you have a saying from the Book of Han which says:"To see a thing once is better than hearing about it a hundred times.(遗憾的是我们的行程太匆忙，只能走马观花地看一看。但你们在《汉书》中也有一 句话，叫做“百闻不如一见”。)他在欢迎宴会的祝词中说：And as a saying from the Book of Changes goes,"if two people are of the same mind,their sharpness can cut through metal."(E 如你们《易经》中一句话说的那样，“二人同心，可以断金”。) 美国总统乔治.布什在他l989年2月的访华讲话中说：Let us plant trees together,so that the next generation,yours and ours can sit together in the shade.(让我们来一起种树，这样，我 们的后代就能一起在树下乘凉。) 美国总统克林顿l998年6月访华时在国宴祝词中说：n so many different ways,we are upholding the teachings of Mencius,who said:"A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community,good citizens of the world will befriend of the other citizens of the world.”(我们是以如此不同的方式在维护孟子的教导，他说：“一乡之善士斯友一乡 之善士，天下之善士斯友天下之善士。"”) 号
46 The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present, accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area. 由于低温多雨的影响, 我国夏粮减产 1460 万吨。 China's output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period. 汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英语的增/减百分数 都是净增/减数。 实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译 员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互 译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。 三、习语、引语的口译 口译实践中，译员经常会遇到习语、引语的互译。特别是为国家元首、高级官员、文化 人士、社会名流做口译时，译员会发现他们在事先精心准备的讲话或随意交谈中, 时常出其 不意的借用本国或外国习语，引用名人或名著中的妙语佳句来表达自己的立场、观点或赞颂 对方的民族和文化。 例如，英国前首相撒切尔和美国前几届总统访华时，都在不同场合的 讲话中有意引用中国习语或引语，借以表达他们的立场和观点。 美国总统尼克松 1972 年 1 月访华时在宴会祝酒词中引用毛泽东主席诗词中的话。他说： Chairman has written: So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently; the world rolls on, time presses. Ten thousand years are too long； seize the day， seize the hour! This is the hour. This is the day for our two people. （毛出席写过：多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万 年太久，只争朝夕！现在就是我们两国人民只争朝夕的时候了.） 英国首相撒切尔在她 1982 年 9 月的访华讲话中引用唐代诗人的佳句：In a poem addressed to a departing friend, one of your Tang poets said: “provided our friendship survives, distances mean very little; although dwelling on far horizons we can still be as near neighbors. ” （在一首送 别朋友的诗中，贵国唐代一位诗人曾写道：“海内存知己，天涯若比邻。”） 美国总统里根 1984 年 4 月访华时在人民大会堂的讲演中说: We only regret that our visit is so brief that we can only look at the flowers while riding on horseback，But you have a saying from the Book of Han which says: “To see a thing once is better than hearing about it a hundred times.（遗憾的是我们的行程太匆忙，只能走马观花地看一看。但你们在《汉书》中也有一 句话，叫做“百闻不如一见”。）他在欢迎宴会的祝词中说：And as a saying from the Book of Changes goes, “ if two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.” （正 如你们《易经》中一句话说的那样，“二人同心，可以断金”。） 美国总统乔治﹒布什在他 1989 年 2 月的访华讲话中说: Let us plant trees together, so that the next generation, yours and ours can sit together in the shade.（让我们来一起种树，这样，我 们的后代就能一起在树下乘凉。） 美国总统克林顿 1998 年 6 月访华时在国宴祝词中说： In so many different ways, we are upholding the teachings of Mencius, who said: “ A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community; good citizens of the world will befriend of the other citizens of the world.” （我们是以如此不同的方式在维护孟子的教导，他说：“一乡之善士斯友一乡 之善士，天下之善士斯友天下之善士。”）