The Constitution of Causes of Death (USA,2000) Causes of death Male (%) Female (%) Disease of the circulatory system 37.19 41.09 Malignant neoplasms 24.29 21.78 Diabetes metllitus 2.63 3.08 Accidents and adverse effects 5.54 2.91 Mental disorders 1.50 2.31 Infectious and parasitic disease 2.70 2.22 others 26.15 26.61
The Constitution of Causes of Death (USA,2000) Causes of death Male (%) Female (%) Disease of the circulatory system 37.19 41.09 Malignant neoplasms 24.29 21.78 Diabetes metllitus 2.63 3.08 Accidents and adverse effects 5.54 2.91 Mental disorders 1.50 2.31 Infectious and parasitic disease 2.70 2.22 others 26.15 26.61
1957、1984、1999、2004年我国城市主要疾病死因构成比及死因顺位 顺 位 1957 1984 1999 2004 死 因 比例 (%) 死 因 比例 (%) 死 因 比例 (%) 死因 比例 (%) 1 呼吸系统 16.86 心脏病 22.65 脑血管病 22.28 恶性肿瘤 27.23 2 传染病 7.93 脑血管病 21.13 恶性肿瘤 21.66 脑血管病 18.47 3 肺结核 7.51 恶性肿瘤 21.11 心脏病 16.37 心脏病 17.23 4 消化系统 7.31 呼吸系统 8.79 呼吸系统 15.28 呼吸系统 12.77 5 心脏病 6.61 消化系统 4.32 意外伤害 6.52 损伤中毒 6.56
1957、1984、1999、2004年我国城市主要疾病死因构成比及死因顺位 顺 位 1957 1984 1999 2004 死 因 比例 (%) 死 因 比例 (%) 死 因 比例 (%) 死因 比例 (%) 1 呼吸系统 16.86 心脏病 22.65 脑血管病 22.28 恶性肿瘤 27.23 2 传染病 7.93 脑血管病 21.13 恶性肿瘤 21.66 脑血管病 18.47 3 肺结核 7.51 恶性肿瘤 21.11 心脏病 16.37 心脏病 17.23 4 消化系统 7.31 呼吸系统 8.79 呼吸系统 15.28 呼吸系统 12.77 5 心脏病 6.61 消化系统 4.32 意外伤害 6.52 损伤中毒 6.56
第一节 化学致癌物及其分类 一、Definitions: chemical carcinogen A carcinogen is an agent whose administration to previously untreated animals leads to a statistically significant increased incidence of neoplasms of one or more histogenetic types as compared with the incidence in appropriate untreated animals. 化学致癌物 能引起动物和人类肿瘤,增加其 发病率或死亡率的化合物
第一节 化学致癌物及其分类 一、Definitions: chemical carcinogen A carcinogen is an agent whose administration to previously untreated animals leads to a statistically significant increased incidence of neoplasms of one or more histogenetic types as compared with the incidence in appropriate untreated animals. 化学致癌物 能引起动物和人类肿瘤,增加其 发病率或死亡率的化合物
◼ chemical carcinogenesis The induction or enhancement of neoplasia by chemicals. ◼ 化学致癌作用 指化学致癌物在体内引起正常 细胞发生良、恶性肿瘤的过程。 Measurement of Carcinogenesis : ◼ Frequency of 1 or several types of tumors also seen in the controls ◼ Number of tumors compared to controls ◼ Development of tumors not seen in controls ◼ Occurrence of tumors earlier in time than after exposure in the controls
◼ chemical carcinogenesis The induction or enhancement of neoplasia by chemicals. ◼ 化学致癌作用 指化学致癌物在体内引起正常 细胞发生良、恶性肿瘤的过程。 Measurement of Carcinogenesis : ◼ Frequency of 1 or several types of tumors also seen in the controls ◼ Number of tumors compared to controls ◼ Development of tumors not seen in controls ◼ Occurrence of tumors earlier in time than after exposure in the controls
二、Classifications 按作用结果分类 按作用机制分类
二、Classifications 按作用结果分类 按作用机制分类