11.3.1.3addition with Grignard's reagentHtHCHO →RCH,OHHRR'CHOHRMgX +R'CHOHR'COR">RR'R"COH
11.3.1.3 addition with Grignard’s reagent RMgX + HCHO H + RCH2 OH R'CHO H + RR'CHOH R'COR'' RR'R''COH H
11.3.1.4 addition with H,0C=0HO-C-OH偕二醇HOH +
11.3.1.4 addition with H2O HOH + C O HO C OH 偕二醇
11.3.1.5 addition with alcoholOCH31酸RCR'RCR' + 2CH,OH缩醛 (酮)OCH3
11.3.1.5 addition with alcohol RCR' + 2CH3 OH O 酸 RCR' OCH3 OCH3 缩醛（酮）
mechanism:0OH酸RCR' + CHOHR-C-R一半缩醛（酮）OCH3OH+0H2SN1HRCR'R-c-R'R-C-R'→R-C-R'411OCH3OCH3+0CH3OCH3H+oCH3OCH3CHOHCH.OHR-C-R'R-C-R' +CH3OH2OCH3OCH3
mechanism： RCR' OH OCH3 H + R C R' OH2 OCH3 SN1 R C R' OCH3 C R' OCH3 R CH3 OH R C R' OCH3 OCH3 H CH3 OH R C R' + CH3OH2 OCH3 OCH3 RCR' + CH3 OH O 酸 C R' OCH3 OH R 半缩醛（酮）
11.3.1.6 addition with aminesreaction withprimaryamineSchiff baseHNR亚胺C=NRH2NOH≥C=N-OH肟NH2NH2腺C=NNH2PhNHNH20+C=NNHPh苯腺NO2O2NO2NNHNH2EC=NNHNO22.4-二硝基二硝基苯腺0H,NNHCNH2缩氨脲≥C=NNHCNH2=O
11.3.1.6 addition with amines ① reaction with primary amine——Schiff base C O + 肟 C NR C N OH C NNH2 C NNHPh C NNHCNH2 O 缩氨脲 2,4-二硝基二硝基苯腙 苯腙 腙 NO2 O2N C NNH H2NR H2NOH NH2NH2 PhNHNH2 O2N NO2 NHNH2 H2NNHCNH2 O 亚胺