ge Sex ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF SELECTED CANCERSIN CHILDREN UNDER AGE151980T01992 Ages 0-14 Site Male Female All sites 150 129 Bone and joint 0.6 08 Brain and other nervous 3.0 Hodgkin s disease 07 0.5 Kidney and renal pelvis 08 08 eukemias 4.6 38 Acute lymphocytic 3.7 2.9 Non-Hodgkins lymphomas 1.2 0.4 Soft tissue 08 08
Age Sex ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF SELECTED CANCERS IN CHILDREN UNDER AGE 15 1980 TO 1992 Ages 0—14 Site Male Female All sites 15.0 12.9 Bone and joint 0.6 0.8 Brain and other nervous 3.6 3.0 Hodgkin’s disease 0.7 0.5 Kidney and renal pelvis 0.8 0.8 Leukemias 4.6 3.8 Acute lymphocytic 3.7 2.9 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas 1.2 0.4 Soft tissue 0.8 0.8
ETIOLOGY AND PRIMARY PREVENTION Criteria for Causality General Etiological Consideration Tobacco Alcohol Industrial Exposures Environmental Pollution Nonionizing radiation Ionizing radiation Exogenous Sex Hormones Infectious Agents Nutrition and Physical Activity Reproductive Factors Genetic Factors
◼ Criteria for Causality ◼ General Etiological Consideration Tobacco Alcohol Industrial Exposures Environmental Pollution Nonionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation Exogenous Sex Hormones Infectious Agents Nutrition and Physical Activity Reproductive Factors Genetic Factors ETIOLOGY AND PRIMARY PREVENTION
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE S GOALS FOR IMPROVED CANCER MORTALITYBY THE YEAR 2000 Reduction in Factor Goa Mortality if goa Met(%) Smoking Reduce prevalence to 15 16%by1990 by2000 Diet Reduce fat to 30% of calories and 8 increase fiber to 20 to 30g/day Screening Mammograms in 80% of 50-70 year olds Pap smears in 90% of 20-39 year olds; 80% of 40-70 year olds treatment increase use of state-of -the-art therapy 10-26
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE’S GOALS FOR IMPROVED CANCER MORTALITY BY THE YEAR 2000 Factor Goal Reduction in Mortality if Goal Met (%) Smoking Reduce prevalence to 15 16% by 1990 by 2000 8 Diet Reduce fat to 30% of calories and 8 increase fiber to 20 to 30g/day Screening Mammograms in 80% of 50 —70 year olds Pap smears in 90% of 20-39 year olds; 80% of 40-70 year olds 3 treatment increase use of state-of -the-art therapy 10-26
ASSOCIATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING WITH CANCERS AT SELECTED SITES Smoking 1994 Deaths Cancer Relative Attributable Due to Site Risk Risk /o Smoking Lung 10.0 85.1 130,163 Larynx 8.0 80.9 3,074 Oral cavity 4.0 79.0 6,259 Esophagus 3.0 75.4 7845 Bladder 2.0 40. 4,252 Pancreas 2.0 28.5 7386 Stomach 1.8 35.7 5,000 Kidney 1.5 32.9 3,722
ASSOCIATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING WITH CANCERS AT SELECTED SITES Smoking 1994 Deaths Cancer Relative Attributable Due to Site Risk Risk % Smoking Lung 10.0 85.1 130,163 Larynx 8.0 80.9 3,074 Oral cavity 4.0 79.0 6,259 Esophagus 3.0 75.4 7,845 Bladder 2.0 40.1 4,252 Pancreas 2.0 28.5 7,386 Stomach 1.8 35.7 5,000 Kidney 1.5 32.9 3,722
OCCUPATIONAL CAUSES OF CANCER Specific Exposures Site or Tumor Type 4-Aminobiphenyl Bladder Arsenic and arsenic compounds Lung, skin Asbestos Lung mesothelioma Benzene Leukemia " Benzidine(联苯胺 Bladder Beryllium(is)and beryllium compounds Lung Cadmium and cadmium compounds Lung Chromium compounds Lung, sinonasal Coal tar pitches(沥青) Skin, lung bladder Coal tars Skin Ethylene(乙烯)oxde Leukemia, lymphoma Mineral oils, untreated and Skin mildly treated 2 Naphthylamine(奈) Bladder Nickel and nickel compounds Sinonasal ur
◼ Specific Exposures Site or Tumor Type ◼ 4-Aminobiphenyl Bladder ◼ Arsenic and arsenic compounds Lung , skin ◼ Asbestos Lung, mesothelioma ◼ Benzene Leukemia ◼ Benzidine (联苯胺) Bladder ◼ Beryllium(铍) and beryllium compounds Lung ◼ Cadmium and cadmium compounds Lung ◼ Chromium compounds Lung, sinonasal ◼ Coal tar pitches(沥青) Skin , lung, bladder ◼ Coal tars Skin ◼ Ethylene(乙烯) oxide Leukemia, lymphoma ◼ Mineral oils,untreated and Skin ◼ mildly treated ◼ 2-Naphthylamine(奈) Bladder ◼ Nickel and nickel compounds Sinonasal ,lung ◼ OCCUPATIONAL CAUSES OF CANCER