Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Definition PEM is manifested primarily by inadequate dietary intakes of protein and energy. PEM is almost always accompanied by deficiencies of other nutrient PEM can be divided as primary pem and secondary pEM
Definition ➢ PEM is manifested primarily by inadequate dietary intakes of protein and energy. ➢ PEM is almost always accompanied by deficiencies of other nutrient. ➢ PEM can be divided as primary PEM and secondary PEM
Causes Causes of Primary PEM Inadequate food intake Inadequate infant and child feeding practices Secondary causes Increased nutrient needs Decreased nutrient absorption Increased nutrient losses
➢ Causes of Primary PEM Inadequate food intake Inadequate infant and child feeding practices ➢ Secondary causes Increased nutrient needs Decreased nutrient absorption Increased nutrient losses Causes
Pathophysiology of PEM Disorder of metabolism o Protein: Protein catabolism, hypoalbuminemia Fat: mobilized fat store, emaciation, fatty infiltration fatty liver Carbohydrate: low hepatin, hypoglycemia ● Water、 minerals: dehydration, low serum ca concentration
Pathophysiology of PEM ➢ Disorder of metabolism ⚫ Protein: Protein catabolism、hypoalbuminemia ⚫ Fat: mobilized fat store, emaciation, fatty infiltration, fatty liver ⚫ Carbohydrate: low hepatin, hypoglycemia ⚫ Water、minerals：dehydration，low serum Ca concentration
Disorder of organs and tissues l、 failure to thrive 2. lower digested function: diarrhea 3. Central nerve system: apathy, or irrita bility 4, Cardiovascular system: pulse slow, Low BP 5 lower renal function: urine amount decrease 6, low immunologic function: easy to infect
1、Failure to thrive 2、lower digested function：diarrhea 3、Central nerve system: apathy, or irritability 4、Cardiovascular system：pulse slow, Low BP 5、lower renal function: urine amount decrease 6、low immunologic function: easy to infect ➢ Disorder of organs and tissues