Steady-state Performance 0.8 0.7 0.6 Degradation Rate:1.57%/1000h 0.5 0.4 Current Density:0.24A/cm 2 Tem perature:850℃top)730℃bottom) 0.3 Fuelutilization40% 02 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Operating Time (h) 22
22 Steady-state Performance
Ex Situ Characterization Porosity determination (SEM,TEM) Surface area measurement(AFM) Gas permeability (gas sensor) Crystal structure determination(XRD,TEM) Microstructure determination(SEM,TEM) Chemical determination (XRD,EDS,XPS) 23
23 Ex Situ Characterization • Porosity determination （SEM，TEM） • Surface area measurement(AFM) • Gas permeability (gas sensor) • Crystal structure determination(XRD, TEM) • Microstructure determination(SEM,TEM) • Chemical determination (XRD,EDS, XPS)
Ex Situ Characterization Microstructure determination .Porosity determination: SEM,TEM,AFM 0,36 ● Ni 0,35 0 YSZ 0.34 0,33 0,32 0,31 0,30 0,29 0 2 6 8 10 12 Acceleration voltage(kV) Illustration of the results from Monte Carlo calculations of Image combining the segmented phases from backscatter coefficients for Ni the two contrast techniques to give and YSZ as a function of information on all four components,(1) acceleration voltage. percolating Ni,(2)non-percolating Ni,(3) YSZ and (4)pores. 24 Solid State lonics 178(2008)1984-1989
24 Ex Situ Characterization • Microstructure determination •Porosity determination： SEM, TEM, AFM Image combining the segmented phases from the two contrast techniques to give information on all four components, (1) percolating Ni, (2) non-percolating Ni, (3) YSZ and (4) pores. Illustration of the results from Monte Carlo calculations of backscatter coefficients for Ni and YSZ as a function of acceleration voltage. Solid State Ionics 178 (2008) 1984–1989
Ex Situ Characterization Porosity determination:SEM,TEM,AFM The model for porosity calculation and relationship of porosity with the samples sintered at different temperatures of(a)500 C,49.5%(b)800 C,46.9%(c)1000 C,42.8%and(d)1200C,35.6%. 25
25 Ex Situ Characterization • Porosity determination： SEM, TEM, AFM The model for porosity calculation and relationship of porosity with the samples sintered at different temperatures of (a)500 C, 49.5% (b)800 C, 46.9% (c) 1000 C,42.8% and (d)1200 C, 35.6%
Ex Situ Characterization Porosity determination:SEM,TEM,AFM (b) (c) (d) 1.0 1.0 4一6000C 6500C -。-7000C 0.8 0.8 6 ◆◆◆ A/ 0.6 (e) 0.4 0.4 La Sr Mn 0.2 0.2 0.0+ 0.00.6 1.21.82.43.0 Current density/Acm 2 200nm 1200nm 200 (a-c)TEM images of LSM nanofiber after sintering at 800 C;HRTEM image of LSM fibers;(e)HAADF-STEM image of LSM nanofiber and corresponding to the EDX elemental mapping images of La,Sr and Mn. 26
26 Ex Situ Characterization • Porosity determination： SEM, TEM, AFM (a-c) TEM images of LSM nanofiber after sintering at 800 °C; HRTEM image of LSM fibers; (e) HAADF-STEM image of LSM nanofiber and corresponding to the EDX elemental mapping images of La, Sr and Mn