2)His Majestya. His/Her/Your Majesty: a title of respect used when speaking about or to a king orqueen（对国王或女王的尊称）下（当面称呼用Your，其他场合用His/Her。下同)b. His/Her/Your Royal Highness: a title of respect used when talking to or about amemberoftheroyalfamily（对除国王、王后、女王等之外王室成员的称呼）殿下e.g. Their Royal Highnesses, the Duke and Duchess of Kent肯特公爵和公爵夫人殿下c. His/Her/Your Honour: a title of respect used when talking to or about a judgeoraUSmayor法官大人（阁下）；（美国）市长阁下e.g.Nomorequestions，YourHonour.没有其他问题了，法官大人。d.这里作者使用了“换称（antonomasia)"的修辞手法，用HisMajesty代替国王”。In rhetoric,antonomasia is a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a propername:（参考章节1.2.3修辞部分）3)Ifeel sureitisadecisioninwhichthegreatDominionswill indueconcura. Paraphrase: I am sure that our Dominions will agree with us at the appropriatetime. (Churchill does not declare the decision in the name of the Dominionsbecause they are independent governments and Churchill does not have thepower to declare war in their names.If Churchill wants to declare warin their names, he has to consult them beforehand. Sincehe must makeknown the decision at once and there is no time for consultation, he has todeclare the decision in the name of the British government.)b. Dominions: Self-governing members of the British Commonwealth of Nationsc. in due course: at the right timed.due: suitable;, fitting,propere. concur: to agree (with)
2) His Majesty a. His/Her/Your Majesty: a title of respect used when speaking about or to a king or queen（对国王或女王的尊称）陛下（当面称呼用 Your, 其他场合用 His/Her。 下同） b. His/Her/Your Royal Highness: a title of respect used when talking to or about a member of the royal family （对除国王、王后、女王等之外王室成员的称呼）殿下 e.g. Their Royal Highnesses, the Duke and Duchess of Kent 肯特公爵和公爵夫人殿下 c. His/Her/Your Honour: a title of respect used when talking to or about a judge or a US mayor 法官大人（阁下）；（美国）市长阁下 e.g. No more questions, Your Honour. 没有其他问题了，法官大人。 d. 这里作者使用了“换称 (antonomasia)”的修辞手法，用 His Majesty 代替“国王”。 In rhetoric, antonomasia is a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name. （参考章节 1.2.3 修辞部分） 3) I feel sure it is a decision in which the great Dominions will in due concur a. Paraphrase: I am sure that our Dominions will agree with us at the appropriate time. (Churchill does not declare the decision in the name of the Dominions because they are independent governments and Churchill does not have the power to declare war in their names. If Churchill wants to declare war in their names, he has to consult them beforehand. Since he must make known the decision at once and there is no time for consultation, he has to declare the decision in the name of the British government.) b. Dominions: Self-governing members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. c. in due course: at the right time d. due: suitable; fitting, proper e. concur: to agree (with)
I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? We havebut one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.We are resolved to destroy Hitlerand every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us - nothingI) ...but can you doubt what our policy will be?This is a rhetorical question2) We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purposea.irrevocable:（formal）thatcannotbechangedorreversed不可更改的；不可推翻的c.in this sentence, the rhetorical device“repetition"is used (aim/purpose). In thistext, two methods of repetition are used. One is to repeat the same word, and theother is to repeat meaning in the form of synonyms, for example, “aim" and"purpose"are synonyms.3) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.a. be resolved: to be firm and fixed in purposeb.vestige:a trace,mark,or sign of something thatonceexisted but has passed awayor disappearedc. Paraphrase: We are firmed to destroy not only Hitler, a single man, and the wholeregime, but also every sign showing there once existed such a regime. (ThissentenceshowsChurchill'sdetermination)4) From this nothing will turn us - nothing.a. Paraphrase: There is nothing which can head us off from this purpose or divert ourattention.b. The inversion ofthe sentence order and the repetitionoftheword"nothing"are foremphasis.We will never parley,we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.We shallfight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, withGod's help,we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from hisyoke.I) We will never parley, we will never negotiate
I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us – nothing. 1) .but can you doubt what our policy will be? This is a rhetorical question. 2) We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose a. irrevocable: (formal) that cannot be changed or reversed 不可更改的；不可推翻 的 c. in this sentence, the rhetorical device “repetition” is used (aim/purpose). In this text, two methods of repetition are used. One is to repeat the same word, and the other is to repeat meaning in the form of synonyms, for example, “aim” and “purpose” are synonyms. 3) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. a. be resolved: to be firm and fixed in purpose b. vestige: a trace, mark, or sign of something that once existed but has passed away or disappeared c. Paraphrase: We are firmed to destroy not only Hitler, a single man, and the whole regime, but also every sign showing there once existed such a regime. (This sentence shows Churchill’s determination) 4) From this nothing will turn us – nothing. a. Paraphrase: There is nothing which can head us off from this purpose or divert our attention. b. The inversion of the sentence order and the repetition of the word “nothing” are for emphasis. We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God's help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke. 1) We will never parley; we will never negotiate
a.parley:(old-fashioned) (opposing people or groups) to discuss something in order to come toanagreement.（对立双方）和谈，会谈，谈判(Inthiscontext,it is usedtodiscuss termsforarmistice)d.The repetition ofthe meaning ofparley" and“negotiate" is to emphasize theirdetermination.2) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the aira. Parallel structure (parallelism) is used in this sentence.3)...rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.a. Paraphrase:...free the world from Hitler's domination and to liberate all peoplesfromhis control.b. rid: If you rid a place or person of something undesirable or unwanted, yousucceedinremovingitcompletelyfromthatplaceorperson.使...去掉；使...去除使..摆脱c. shadow: the very strong power or influence of someoned. yoke: control; a crushing burdenAnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.Anymanorstatewho marches with Hitler is our foe. That is our policy and that is our declaration. Itfollows thereforethat we shall give whatever help we cantoRussia and theRussianpeople. We shall appeal to all our friends and allies in every part ofthe world to takethe same course and pursue it, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to the end....1) Any man or state who fights.... Any man or state who marches...These areperiodic sentences.（参考课程章节1.2.3修辞部分）2) That is our policy and that is our declarationThis is a parallel structure3) It follows therefore that ..a. follow: to happen as a necessary result of4)...to take the same course...to the end
a. parley: (oldfashioned) (opposing people or groups) to discuss something in order to come to an agreement. （对立双方）和谈，会谈，谈判 (In this context, it is used to discuss terms for armistice) d. The repetition of the meaning of “parley” and “negotiate” is to emphasize their determination. 2) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air a. Parallel structure (parallelism) is used in this sentence. 3) .rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke. a. Paraphrase: .free the world from Hitler’s domination and to liberate all peoples from his control. b. rid: If you rid a place or person of something undesirable or unwanted, you succeed in removing it completely from that place or person. 使.去掉;使.去 除;使.摆脱 c. shadow: the very strong power or influence of someone d. yoke: control; a crushing burden Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. That is our policy and that is our declaration. It follows therefore that we shall give whatever help we can to Russia and the Russian people. We shall appeal to all our friends and allies in every part of the world to take the same course and pursue it, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to the end. 1) Any man or state who fights. Any man or state who marches. These are periodic sentences. （参考课程章节 1.2.3 修辞部分） 2) That is our policy and that is our declaration. This is a parallel structure. 3) It follows therefore that . a. follow: to happen as a necessary result of 4) .to take the same course.to the end
a. Paraphrase: to adopt the same attitude and policy and keep to it.b. pursue: to follow persistentlyc. steadfastly: unswervingly; unchanginglyPara 11 (Reasons forthe policy // Nature of the war)"This is no class war. but a war in which the whole British Empire andCommonwealthof Nations is engaged.without distinction of race.creed.or party.(This is the nature of the war.) It is not for me to speak of the action of the UnitedStates, but this I will say: if Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia will causethe slightest divergence of aims or slackening of effort in the great democracies whoare resolved uponhis doom,heis woefully mistaken. Onthecontraryweshall befortified and_encouraged in our efforts to rescue mankind from his tyranny.We shallbe strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resourcesI)... without distinction of race, creed, or party.a. creed: system of religious belief; set of opinions or principles on any subject.b.Paraphrase: ...no matter what your nationality is, what religious belief you havec.or what political party you belong to; paying no attention to any difference innationality, religious belief, or party affiliation.2) It is not for me to speak of the action of the United States...Paraphrase: I am not in a position to say what action the United States should take.3)...but this I will saya. The normal order is "... but I will say this". (Inversion)b.Thepronounthisisusedtorefertowhatfollows4)...if Hitler imagines...woefullymistaken.a.This is aperiodic sentence.（参考章节1.2.3修辞部分）b.Paraphrase: Hitler will realize that he is deplorably wrong in thinking that sincehe is fighting Communism, the West will stand by and let him destroy theSoviet Union and will not fight him as hard as they are now doing. Il Hitlermay think that since he is fighting the Soviet Union which the West opposed inthe past, the West will not be so determined in fighting and destroying Nazi
a. Paraphrase: to adopt the same attitude and policy and keep to it. b. pursue: to follow persistently c. steadfastly: unswervingly; unchangingly Para 11 (Reasons for the policy // Nature of the war) "This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealthof Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. (This is the nature of the war.) It is not for me to speak of the action of the United States, but this I will say: if Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia will cause the slightest divergence of aims or slackening of effort in the great democracies who are resolved upon his doom, he is woefully mistaken. On the contrary, we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts to rescue mankind from his tyranny. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resources. 1) .without distinction of race, creed, or party. a. creed: system of religious belief; set of opinions or principles on any subject. b.Paraphrase: .no matter what your nationality is, what religious belief you have c.or what political party you belong to; paying no attention to any difference in nationality, religious belief, or party affiliation. 2) It is not for me to speak of the action of the United States. Paraphrase: I am not in a position to say what action the United Statesshould take. 3) .but this I will say a. The normal order is “.but I will say this”. (Inversion) b. The pronoun “this” is used to refer to what follows. 4) .if Hitler imagines . woefully mistaken. a. This is a periodic sentence. (参考章节 1.2.3 修辞部分) b. Paraphrase: Hitler will realize that he is deplorably wrong in thinking that since he is fighting Communism, the West will stand by and let him destroy the Soviet Union and will not fight him as hard as they are now doing. // Hitler may think that since he is fighting the Soviet Union which the West opposed in the past, the West will not be so determined in fighting and destroying Nazi
Germany. If he had that assumption in mind when he attacked the Soviet Union, he will find that he is deplorably wrong and will have to pay for it. （两 个解释可选择其一)c. divergence: the action of going out in different directionsd. slacken: to reduce in activity, force, etc.e. the great democracies: the West5) On the contrary, we shall be fortified ... from his tyranny.a. Paraphrase: No, we will not do that (diverge in our aims or slacken our efforts)Instead, we will fight with greater courage and redouble our efforts in thestruggle to end fascismb. fortify: to impart vigor or physical strength or endurance to; to strengthenmentally or morallyc.save: the most general, applies to any act of preserving from the consequencesof danger, or evil, includ ing sinrescue:usuallyimpliessavingfromimmediateharmordangerbydirectaction6) We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resourcesa.Paraphrase:We shall bemoredeterminedand shall makebetterandfuller use ofour resources. Il we shall not relax our efforts; we shall bring our resources intofuller play.b.resources: (pl.)money or property available; wealth; something that a country,state, etc. has and can use to its advantage.c. The figure of speech, antithesis, is used in this sentence. (strengthened//weakened)Para 12 (Further explanation of the policy: a. Historical lessons: b. Hitler's motives.)(a. Historical lessons)"This is no time to moralise on the follies of countries and Governments whichhave allowed themselves to be struck down one by one, when byunited action theycouldhavesavedthemselvesandsavedtheworldfromthiscatastrophe1)Paraphrase:What we need now is not tedious explanation of howfoolish
Germany. If he had that assumption in mind when he attacked the Soviet Union , he will find that he is deplorably wrong and will have to pay for it. ( 两个解 释可选择其一) c. divergence: the action of going out in different directions d.slacken: to reduce in activity, force, etc. e. the great democracies: the West 5) On the contrary, we shall be fortified . from his tyranny. a. Paraphrase: No, we will not do that (diverge in our aims or slacken our efforts). Instead, we will fight with greater courage and redouble our effortsin the struggle to end fascism. b. fortify: to impart vigor or physical strength or endurance to; to strengthen mentally or morally c. save: the most general, applies to any act of preserving from the consequences of danger, or evil, including sin. rescue: usually implies saving from immediate harm or danger by direct action. 6) We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resources. a. Paraphrase: We shall be more determined and shall make better and fuller use of our resources. // we shall not relax our efforts; we shall bring our resources into fuller play. b. resources: (pl.) money or property available; wealth; something that a country, state, etc. has and can use to its advantage. c. The figure of speech, antithesis, is used in this sentence. (strengthened// weakened) Para 12 (Further explanation of the policy: a. Historical lessons; b. Hitler’s moti ves.) (a. Historical lessons) "This is no time to moralise on the follies of countries and Governments which have allowed themselves to be struck down one by one, when by united action they could have saved themselves and saved the world from this catastrophe. 1) Paraphrase: What we need now is not tedious explanation of how foolish