Key notes (5) The metabolism of pyruvate(formed by glycolysis) to CO, by the citric acid cycle is the major mechanism of ATP generation in the cell and is also an important source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis. The fully (完整的柠檬酸循环途径的功能) functioning pathway requires oxygen; however, some organisms possess an incomplete cycle that can function in the presence or absence of oxygen but generates little or no energy. Citric acid cycle
The metabolism of pyruvate (formed by glycolysis) to CO2 by the citric acid cycle is the major mechanism of ATP generation in the cell and is also an important source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis. The fully （完整的柠檬酸循环途径的功能） functioning pathway requires oxygen; however, some organisms possess an incomplete cycle that can function in the presence or absence of oxygen but generates little or no energy. Key notes (5) Citric acid cycle
Many microbes use EMP pathways, although energy producing efficiency is low, it has extremely important physiological functions; most aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbes use both HMP and eMp pathways The feature of it is that g can be thoroughly oxidized through eMP and TCA cycle. ED pathway is a microbe specific substitute way replaces EMP in those microbes that lacks the full EMP pathway
Many microbes use EMP pathways, although energyproducing efficiency is low, it has extremely important physiological functions; most aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbes use both HMP and EMP pathways. The feature of it is that G can be thoroughly oxidized through EMP and TCA cycle. ED pathway is a microbe specific substitute way replaces EMP in those microbes that lacks the full EMP pathway
Key notes(6) NADH H produced by catabolic reactions such as the citric acid cycle can be oxidized by the electron transport pathway in the presence of oxygen. However, in the absence of oxygen, many microbes utilize fermentation reactions to reoxidize NADH H Microbial fermentations are characterized by the end products formed.(微生物所进行的各种发酵常常是以他们所形成 的终产物而命名) Clostridia(梭菌则通常通过氨基酸发酵 Stickland 反应形成 ATP)are unusual in that they form ATP from the fermentation of ammo acids by the stickland reaction fermentations
NADH + H+ produced by catabolic reactions such as the citric acid cycle can be oxidized by the electrontransport pathway in the presence of oxygen. However, in the absence of oxygen, many microbes utilize fermentation reactions to reoxidize NADH + H+ . Microbial fermentations are characterized by the end products formed.(微生物所进行的各种发酵,常常是以他们所形成 的终产物而命名) Clostridia(梭菌则通常通过氨基酸发酵Stickland 反应形成ATP) are unusual in that they form ATP from the fermentation of ammo acids by the Stickland reaction. Key notes (6) fermentations
Key notes (7) The citric acid cycle is the most efficient mechanism for generating ATP from glucose in the presence of oxygen. For microbes that live in environments where oxygen is absent or only present intermittently, ATP generation is less efficient.(生活在厌氧或间歇供氧环境中的微生物,ATP产生的 效率是低的) ATP yields(产率)」
The citric acid cycle is the most efficient mechanism for generating ATP from glucose in the presence of oxygen. For microbes that live in environments where oxygen is absent or only present intermittently, ATP generation is less efficient.(生活在厌氧或间歇供氧环境中的微生物,ATP产生的 效率是低的) Key notes (7) ATP yields(产率)
Glycolysis(糖酵解) EMP The majority of microbes utilize the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径 also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway) for the catabolism of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose This series of reactions occurs in the cytoplasm of microbes and can operate either anaerobically in the absence of oxygen)or aerobically (in the presence of oxygen). The overall equation for this pathway is Glucose+ 2ADP+ 2Pi+ 2NAD*5 2 pyruvate+ 2ATP+ 2NADH+ 2H+
The majority of microbes utilize the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway) for the catabolism of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose . This series of reactions occurs in the cytoplasm of microbes and can operate either anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) or aerobically (in the presence of oxygen). The overall equation for this pathway is Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ Glycolysis (糖酵解) EMP