第五章酸碱平衡 51酸碱理论 52水的自耦电离平衡 53弱酸弱碱的电离平衡 5.4酸碱电离平衡的移动 55缓冲溶液 56酸碱中和反应 57前沿话题
第五章 酸 碱 平 衡 5.1 酸碱理论 5.2 水的自耦电离平衡 水的自耦电离平衡 5.3 弱酸弱碱的电离平衡 弱酸弱碱的电离平衡 5.4 酸碱电离平衡的移动 酸碱电离平衡的移动 5.5 缓冲溶液 5.6 酸碱中和反应 5.7 前沿话题
53 5.15.1 5.1 Acid Rain, The lines on the map are pH isopleths, which identify regions in which the precipitation has the same pH, as indicated by the numbers. Notice that precipitation gradually becomes more acidic going from west to east, especially in industrialized areas of the Northeast This acid rain may be a result of the release of nitrogen and sulfur oxides into the atmosphere
Acid Rain: Acid Rain: The lines on the map are pH isopleths, which identify The lines on the map are pH isopleths, which identify regions in which the precipita regions in which the precipitation has the same pH, as indicated tion has the same pH, as indicated by the numbers. Notice that precipitati numbers. Notice that precipitation gradually becomes more acidic on gradually becomes more acidic going from west to east, especially in from west to east, especially in industrialized areas of the Nor industrialized areas of the Northeast. theast. This acid rain may be a result This acid rain may be a result of the release of nitrogen and su of the release of nitrogen and sulfur oxides lfur oxides into the atmosphere. into the atmosphere
51酸碱理论 1)酸碱理论发展小史 1)酸碱的早期定义:有酸味,能使蓝色石蕊变红的物质叫酸; 有涩味,使红色石蕊变蓝的物质叫碱。 2) Arrhenius酸碱电离理论(1887 3) Bronsted-Lowry酸碱质子理论(1923) 4)Lews酸碱电子理论(1923) 5) Pearsons软硬酸碱理论(1963)
5.1 酸碱理论 (1) 酸碱理论发展小史 酸碱理论发展小史 1) 酸碱的早期定义：有酸味，能使蓝色石蕊变红的物质叫酸； 酸碱的早期定义：有酸味，能使蓝色石蕊变红的物质叫酸； 有涩味，使红色石蕊变蓝的物质叫碱。 有涩味，使红色石蕊变蓝的物质叫碱。 2) Arrhenius Arrhenius酸碱电离理论 (1887) 3) Brφnsted-Lowry酸碱质子理论 (1923) 4) Lewis酸碱电子理论 (1923) 5) Pearson Pearson软硬酸碱理论 (1963)
(2) Arrhenius酸碱电离理论(1890 ●酸碱定义:凡是在水溶液中能够电离产生H的物质叫作酸(acid), 能电离产生OH的物质叫作碱(base) H CI H,O H-O* Cl Ce NH3 H,O NH
(2) Arrhenius Arrhenius酸碱电离理论 (1887) ● 酸碱定义：凡是在水溶液中能够电离产生 凡是在水溶液中能够电离产生H+的物质叫作酸(acid)， 能电离产生OH−的物质叫作碱(base)
缺点: )并非只有含OH的物质才具有碱性,如Na2CO3Na2PO4 等的水溶液也呈碱性; 2)仅局限于水溶液体系,对非水体系的酸碱性无能为力。例 如,在液氨中NHC和NNH2的反应 NH++Nh7 2NH
缺 点： 1) 并非只有含OH−的物质才具有碱性，如 的物质才具有碱性，如Na2CO3、Na3PO4 等的水溶液也呈碱性； 等的水溶液也呈碱性； 2) 仅局限于水溶液体系，对非水体系的酸碱性无能为力。例 仅局限于水溶液体系，对非水体系的酸碱性无能为力。例 如，在液氨中NH4Cl和NaNH2的反应 NH4+ + NH2− 2NH3