Complementation refers to the ability of independent(nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenoty pe when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-ty pe cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans, defines a genetic unit(the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group Complex locus(of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large(>100kb) at the molecular level Complexity is the total length of different sequences of dNa present in a given preparation Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose Concatemer of dNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evol ve together as though Conden sation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain Condition al lethal mutations kill a cell or virus under certain(nonpermissive)conditions, but allow it to survive under other(permissive)conditions Conjugation describes mathing between two bacterial cells, when (part of chromosome is transferred from one to the other Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared Conservative recombin ation invol ves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of dnA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that Const ant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of rna poly merase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level
6 cell. Complementation refers to the ability of independent (nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenotype when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a heterozygote. In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-type cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation. Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans; defines a genetic unit (the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group. Complex locus (of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large (>100kb) at the molecular level. Complexity is the total length of different sequences of DNA present in a given preparation. Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose. Concatemer of DNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem. Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain. Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus. Condensation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain. Conditional lethal mlutations kill a cell or virus under certain (nonpermissive) conditions, but allow it to survive under other (permissive) conditions. Conjugation describes ‘mathing’ between two bacterial cells, when (part of ) the chromosome is transferred from one to the other. Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared. Conservative recombination involves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of DNA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA. Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified as transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that of phage lambda. Constant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin. Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level
Constitutive heteroch romain describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently)or nonautonomous(able to element) Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes Cordycepin is 3 deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of polyadenylation of RNA Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of dNA contained on a core particle Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself. Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein. Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lam bda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid dNa can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction Cot is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction, it is directly proportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination Crossover fixation refers to a possi ble consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated) Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of dNA if the repeated sequence pairs ith its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex) Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band dna ctDNA is chloroplast DNA Cyclic AMP(cAMP)is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3 and 5 positions of the ribose, its binding activates the CaP, a postive regul ator of prokaryotic transcription. Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are then
7 Constitutive heterochromatin describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA. Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation. Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart. Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently) or nonautonomous (able to element). Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes. Cordycepin is 3’ deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of polyadenylation of RNA. Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of DNA contained on a core particle. Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself. Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein. Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lambda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat. Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction. Cot 2 1 is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction; it is directly proportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA. Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers. Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination. Crossover fixation refers to a possible consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated). Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of DNA if the repeated sequence pairs with its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex). Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band DNA. ctDNA is chloroplast DNA. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose; its binding activates the CAP, a postive regulator of prokaryotic transcription. Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are then
destroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF) Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis Cytological hybridization-see in situ hybridization Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts(or possibly other extranuclear organel Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes, occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles( such as the mitochondria )are located D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNa is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex dna byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by reca protein Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third ase of the codon on the amino acid that is represented Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being Denaturation of dna or rna describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state, separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other(inactive)conformation Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene, it has the same meaning as constitutive in descr ibing the effect of mutation Dicentrie chromo some is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis Diploid Direct repeats are identical (or related)sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent Discontinuous replication refers to the sy nthesis of dNA in short( Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand Disjun ction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister
8 destroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF). Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis. Cytological hybridization—see in situ hybridization. Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or possibly other extranuclear organelles). Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes; it occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles ( such as the mitochondria ) are located. D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by RecA protein. Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third base of the codon on the amino acid that is represented. Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being joined together. Denaturation of DNA or RNA describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state; separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating. Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other (inactive) conformation. Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene; it has the same meaning as constitutive in describing the effect of mutation. Dicentric chromosome is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis. Diploid set of chromosomes contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosome. Direct repeats are identical (or related) sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent. Discontinuous replication refers to the synthesis of DNA in short (Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand. Disjunction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister
hromatids, at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive, they cannot synthesize DNA at 42 C,but can do so at37℃ DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA DNa poly merase is an enzy me that synthesizes a daughter strand( s) of dna(under direction from a DNA template) May be involved in repair or replication DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains, or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to degradation by the enzyme DNAase I Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function Dominant allele determines the phenoty pe displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive)allele. Donor splicing site-see left splicing junction Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of dNA replication Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal Elongation factors(EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain End labeling descri bes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end(5 or 3)of a DNA strand End-product inhibition describes the abil ity of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles
9 chromatids; at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs. Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins. Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central region. dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive; they cannot synthesize DNA at 42℃, but can do so at 37℃. DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA. DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication. DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication. Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains; or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to d egradation by the enzyme DNAase I. Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function. Dominant allele determines the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele. Donor splicing site—see left splicing junction. Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription. Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon. Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of DNA replication. Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal. Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain. End labeling describes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end (5’ or 3’) of a DNA strand. End-product inhibition describes the ability of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles
Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double- stranded dna Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of(some)eukaryotic promoters,and can function in either orientation and in any location(upstr eam or downstream) Envelopes surround some organelles(for example, nucleus or mitochondrion)and consist of brane consisting of the usual lipid bilay Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism(see also lethal locus) Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene Excision-repair sy stems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA cont aining damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane Exocytic vesicles(also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mati Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain;they may be specific for either the 5or 3'end of DNA or RNA Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and
10 Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also known as clathrin-coated vesicles. Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double-stranded DNA. Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer layer of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm. Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter. Envelopes surround some organelles (for example , nucleus or mitochondrion) and consist of concentric membranes, each membrane consisting of the usual lipid bilayer. Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information. Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA. Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene. Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism (see also lethal locus). Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized). Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes. Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the heterochromatin. Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene. Excision-repair systems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA containing damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand. Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane. Exocytic vesicles (also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis. Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA. Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein. Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and