22.Marcus Tullius Cicero西塞罗，古代罗马政治家、哲学家和最 重要的散文家。他的散文成就主要在他的演说词和书信。 23.Julius Caesar凯撒，古代罗马政治家、军事家。他在文学方 面也颜有建树。传世之作有《高卢战记》、《内战记》，文笔简洁 流畅，自成风格。 24.ucretius卢克莱修，罗马共和国末期主要诗人之一。提倡唯 物论、无神论和原子论者。哲理诗《物性论》以生动的比喻进 行抽象概念的表达，规模宏伟，卓然超绝。 25.Vrgl维吉尔，罗马文学中最重要的作家。他的主要作品是 史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。史诗写的是罗马的光荣，所用的笔调却 是朦胧和哀婉的。尤其是主人公和迦太基女王狄多的恋情， 格外地令人伤感。 26.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are:the Greco-Roman element,and the Judio-Christian element. 研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要紧紧抓住两条线索。一条是社 会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。另一条则是 精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。正如，想精通中 国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。 27.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.....two such epics,the“iliad”and the“odyssey”. 荷马是古希腊吟游盲诗人，但并无史料记载《伊利亚特》和《奥 得赛》确为他所写。因此，希腊人只能从主观上判断这两首史 诗的作者为荷马。历史上称其为“荷马问题”。 28.Pindar,too,had imitators,such as the 17th-century English po- et John Dryden. 品达(518一438B.C.)古希腊诗人，希腊名为品达罗斯，著有合 唱琴歌和竞技者胜利颂等。约翰·德莱顿(1631一1700)，英国 l7世纪末期著名的古典主义作家，著有《英雄诗章》(Heroic ·10
Stanza),承继了品达的衣钵。 29.Herackeitue believed fire to be the primary element of the uni- verse,out of which everything else had arisen. 赫拉克利特是朴素唯物主义的先驱。朴素唯物主义总是把世 界的形成归结为某种物质的运动。如火、气、土等。其实，这 只是一种片面唯物主义的观点，缺乏推敲。 30.Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. 柏拉图是苏格拉底的学生。他是唯心主义的创始人。唯心主 义强调思想的重要，甚至认为世界产生于主观需要。 31.In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet. 人文主义始于亚里士多德，他是苏格拉底的学生。人文主义 强调个人价值与魅力的重要性。亚里士多德对科学也有浓厚 的兴趣。 32.Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years,a remarkable phenomenon in history koown as the Pax Romana. “罗马和平”指的是在罗马皇帝屋大维掌权后的二百年里罗马 人所享受的持久和平时期。这个时期开始于公元27年。 四、练习题 (一)填空题 1.Greek culture reached a high point of development in 2.In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,all Greece was brought under the rule of 3.n146B.C. conquered Greece. 4.Ancient Greeks considered to be the author of their epics. 5.The lliad deals with led by against the city of ·】1·
Troy. 6. was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. 7.The three greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are and 8.Aeschylus wrote such great plays as and 9.Sophocles composed such tragic plays as and 10.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as 11.Comedy also fiourished in the 5th century B.C.Its best writer was Arostophoes,who has left eleven plays,including: and 12.Herodotus is often called who wrote about the wars be- tween and 13.Thucydides described the war between and and between and 14. held the idea that all things were numbers. 15. believed fire to be the primary element of the universe. 16. was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomic structure of matter. 17. and are three greatest names in European philosophy. 18.In the 4th century B.C.,four schools of philosophers often argued with each other,they were and 19.Euclid is well-known for his _a text book of geometry. 20.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: ·12·
which is also called which is also called which is called 21 and are the finest monument of Greek archi- tecture and sculpture in more than 2,000 years. 22 in 146 B.C.marked Roman conquest of Greece. 23.In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to_ and renamed it 24. is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27B.C.and reconstructed in the 2nd century A. D.. 25 is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome. (二)选择题(Choose the correct answer on Each of the following) I.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.? A.Roman culture B.Chinese culture C.Egyptian culture D.Greek culture 2.Who brought about the beginning of Olympic Games? A.Indians B.Americans C.Greeks D.Romans 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamenon a- gainst the city of Troy? A.Odyssey B.lliad C.Agamenon ·13·
D.Trojan Women 4.Which of the following is not the plays written by Aeschylus? A.Prometheus Bound B.Antigone C.Persians D.Agamenon 5.In which comic play did Aristophanes attack Socrates? A.Wasps B.Birds C.Clouds D.Frogs 6.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? A.Aristotle B.Archimedes C.Pythagoras D.Democritus 7.Which is Plato's belief? A.Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas'”. B.Men have knowledge because of experience. C.Mind and matter are completely apart from each other. D.The world is matter and activity. 8.Who wrote,“Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”？ A.Horace B.Marcus Tullius Cicero C.Julius Caesar D.Virgil 9.What does the Epicureans advocate? A.reject all conventions ·14·