库仑定律是一个实验定律。库仑定律中静电力对距离的依赖关系，即平方反比律，有非常高的精度。如前面Foα℃r-2所述，把静电力写成：在库仑所处的时代，测出的8约为0.02，1971年的实验结果是：8≤(2.7±3.1)×10-16库仑定律中“严格等于0”与“光子的静止质量严格为0”，“真空没有色散”（即不同频率的电磁波在真空中的速度相同）联系在一起，因此这是一个根本性的问题。库仑定律的平方反比律成立对应的r值的范围相当大从若干公里，到10-15m，平方反比律都得到了精确的实验验证。22
22 库仑定律是一个实验定律。库仑定律中静电力对距离 的依赖关系，即平方反比律，有非常高的精度。如前面 所述，把静电力写成： 2 F r 在库仑所处的时代，测出的 约为 0.02，1971年的实验 结果是： 16 2.7 3.1 10 . 库仑定律中“ 严格等于0”与“光子的静止质量严 格为0”，“真空没有色散”（即不同频率的电磁波在 真空中的速度相同）联系在一起，因此这是一个根本性 的问题。 库仑定律的平方反比律成立对应的 r 值的范围相当大。 从若干公里，到10－15m，平方反比律都得到了精确的 实验验证
Reports on Progress in Physicshttp:/iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02/pdfThemassofthephotonLiang-ChengTu1JunLuo1,3andGeorgeTGilliesPublished23November2004200510PPublishingLtoReportsonProgressinPhysios,Volume68,Number12. General theory of massive photon electromagnetism3. Implications of a photon mass3.1. The dispersion of light3.2.The Yukawa potential in static fields3.3.The longitudinal photon3.4.Special relativity with nonzero photon mass3.5.AB and AC effects with finite photon mass3.6.Monopoles and the photon mass3.7.The Casimir effect for massive photons3.8.Photon mass and blackbody radiation3.9.Other implications
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02/pdf
Table2.Results ofexperimental tests ofCoulomb's lawand thephotonrest mass.DeviationqLimits on mygAuthor (year)Experimental scheme4×10-406×10-2Robison (1769)Gravitational torque on apivotarm1 x 10-402×10-2Cavendish (1773)Two concentricmetal shells~10-394×10-2Coulomb(1785)Torsion balance1×10-415×10-5Maxwell (1873)Two concentric shells3.4 × 10-442×10-9PlimptonandLawton(1936)Two concentric shells3×10-459.2×10-12CochranandFranken(1967)Concentriccubicalconductors3 ×10-461.3×10-13Bartlett et al (1970)Five concentric shells1.6×10-47(2.7±3.1)×10-16Williams etal (1971)Five concentric icosahedrons1.6×10-47(1.0±1.2)×10-16Fulcher (1985)ImprovedresultforWilliamsexperiment6 ×10-178×10-48Crandall(1983)Threeconcentricicosahedrons(1.5 ±1.4) × 10-42Ryan etal (1985)Cryogenicexperiment库仑定律验证，卡文迪许实验
库仑定律验证, 卡文迪许实验
Table 3. Summary of upper limits on the photon mass as obtained by extra-terrestrial methods(in temporal order).Author (year)Physical phenomena investigatedBounds on myg8×1040De Broglie (1940)Dispersion of starlight (binary stars)2×10-47Bass and Schrodinger (1955)Extemal fields (geomagnetic fields)4×10-55Yamaguchi(1959)Seale of hydro-magnetic turbulences in Crab Nebula3×10-48Gintsburg (1963)Altitude-dependence of massive photongeomagnetic fields4×10-47Patel (1965)Dispersion of hydromagnetic waves(in Earth's magnetosphere)4×1048Goldhaber and Nieto (1968)Extemal fields (geomagnetic fields)(8-10)×10-48Altitude-dependence of massive photongeomagnetic fields10-44Feinberg (1969)Dispersion of starlight (NP0532)3.4×1056Willians and Park (1971)Dissipation of large-scale magnctic ficlds in Galaxy4×10-53Goldhaber and Nieto (1971)Stability of plasma in Galaxy4×1050Byrne and Burman (1972)Re-examination of Williams and Park's results10-52Byme and Burman (1973)Stabilityof plasma in Galaxy (forhot intercloudmedium)4×1053Stability of plasma inGalaxy (forcool intercloud medium)7×10-40Lowenthal (1973)Gravitational defection for radio source3C 2701.3×10-48Hollweg (1974)Dispersion of hydromagnetic waves(in interplanetary medium)8×10-49Davis etal (1975)Extemal fields (Jovian magnetic fields)10-51Byme and Burman (1975)Mean mass density of the galactic disc3×10-54-3×10-53Dispersion of hydromagnetic waves (in Crab Nebula)Barnes and Scargle (1975)3×10-60Chibisov(1976)Analysis ofthemcchanical stability of themagnctizedgas(2.9±0.1)×1051de Bernardis et al (1984)Investigation on the spectral behaviourof the cosmic background dipole anisotropy1×10-48Fischbachetal (1994)Extemal fields (geomagnetic fields)10-49Ryutov (1997)Analysis of the solar-wind magnetic fields10-52Goldhaber and Nieto (2003)Stability of plasma in Coma cluster10-40Accioly and Paszko (2004)Gravitationaldcfection of radio waves自1960年代以来，，天文宇宙学观测给出更强限制但是通常依赖于一些假设
自1960年代以来, 天文宇宙学观测给出更强限制, 但是通常依赖于一些假设
Electronvolt：电子伏UnitMeasurementslvalueof unitev1.6021766208(98)×10-19JEnergyevic2Mass1.782662×10-36kgeVIc5.344286×10-28kg-m/sMomentumTemperatureeVIKB1.1604505(20)×104K6.582119x10-16shlevTime1.97327x10-7mDistancenclev自然单位制：In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universalphysical constants. For example, the elementary charge e is a natural unit of electriccharge, and the speed of light c is a natural unit of speed
Electronvolt: 电子伏 自然单位制: In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universal physical constants. For example, the elementary charge e is a natural unit of electric charge, and the speed of light c is a natural unit of speed