Word-formation processes:General Introduction 1.The categories of word-formation processes A.the three major processes a.Compounding/Composition: (daybreak,earthquake,air-conditioner,housekeeping) b.Derivation/Affixation: (a)prefixation:(unfair,prewar) (b)suffixation:(bookish,modernize) antidisestablishmentarianistically (反对脱离英国国教主义地：8 morphemes,34 letters) pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (肺炎及超微硅岩火山微尘综合症：9 morphemes,45 letters) c.Conversion:(love:v.→n.,bottle:n.→v.)
1. The categories of word-formation processes A. the three major processes a. Compounding/Composition: (daybreak, earthquake, air-conditioner, housekeeping) b. Derivation/Affixation: (a) prefixation: (unfair, prewar) (b) suffixation: (bookish, modernize) antidisestablishmentarianistically (反对脱离英国国教主义地：8 morphemes, 34 letters) pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (肺炎及超微硅岩火山微尘综合症: 9 morphemes, 45 letters) c. Conversion: (love: v.→n., bottle: n. →v.) Word-formation processes: General Introduction
Word-formation processes:General Introduction B.The seven minor processes a.Initialisms and acronyms: initialism(首字母连写法：VOA,PLO),acronym(首字母 拼音法：NATO,UNESCO) b.Blending(拼缀法：smog,brunch,) c.Clipping(截短法：pop,phone,flu,cric) d.Words from proper names:an Uncle Tom,Judas,John Hancock) e.Back formation(逆成法：investigate,orate) f.Reduplication(重叠法：zig-zag,hodge-hodge:什锦菜， hotch-potch:in disorder) g. Neoclassical formation(新古典构词法： neurolinguistics
B. The seven minor processes a. Initialisms and acronyms: initialism (首字母连写法：VOA, PLO), acronym (首字母 拼音法：NATO, UNESCO) b. Blending (拼缀法: smog, brunch,) c. Clipping（截短法: pop, phone, flu, cric） d. Words from proper names: an Uncle Tom, Judas, John Hancock) e. Back formation（逆成法: investigate, orate） f. Reduplication（重叠法: zig-zag, hodge-hodge:什锦菜， hotch-potch: in disorder） g. Neoclassical formation（新古典构词法: neurolinguistics） Word-formation processes: General Introduction
Word-formation processes:Some basic concepts Word-formation rules --to define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. e.g.the-able word-formation rule says: "-able is to be added to verbs to form an adjective meaning 'fit top be',or to nouns to form an adjective with the sense showing the quality of." But it must be pointed out that any word-formation rule is of limited productivity,the formed words are acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language. E.g.readable,fashionable,*writable,*deskable
• Word-formation rules --to define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. e.g. the –able word-formation rule says: “-able is to be added to verbs to form an adjective meaning ‘fit top be’ , or to nouns to form an adjective with the sense showing the quality of.” But it must be pointed out that any word-formation rule is of limited productivity, the formed words are acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language. E.g. readable, fashionable, *writable, *deskable. Word-formation processes: Some basic concepts
Word-formation processes:Some basic concepts Distinguishing Root(词根)，Stem(词干) )and Base(词 基) Root:that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Stem:the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. Base:the part of the word-form which remains when any affix has been removed. worked-work,undesirables
Distinguishing Root (词根), Stem（词干） and Base（词 基） Root: that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Stem: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. Base: the part of the word-form which remains when any affix has been removed. worked→work, undesirables Word-formation processes: Some basic concepts
Word-formation processes:Compounding 1.Definition and the three relative criteria Compounding /Composition is a word- formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit i.e.a compound word). 3 relative criteria of a compound word: Orthographic,phonological and semantic criteria
1. Definition and the three relative criteria • Compounding /Composition is a wordformation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit ( i.e. a compound word). • 3 relative criteria of a compound word: Orthographic, phonological and semantic criteria Word-formation processes: Compounding