Lecture 9: Enlightenment What is Enlightenment?
Lecture 9: Enlightenment: What is Enlightenment?
Enlightenment A European cultural movement that reached its heigh nht in the 18th century, but which still resonates today, Enlightenment theories about economics and philosophy, still widely held today, have provided the basis for numerous critiques from numerous critics including members of the Frankfurt school and most of the leading French thinkers of modern and postmodern eras Characteristics of the Enlightenment: Reason should control your actions, not dogma. Don't believe something just because it's traditional 2)Doubt everything lead to Locke's concept of political rights 3)Linked to development of modern science, e.g. Immanuel Kant. 4).Important figures-Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz, John Stuart Mill, david hume, adam smith, john milton The Enlightenment defined and celebrated modern ideas about reason and rationalism
Enlightenment ◼ A European cultural movement that reached its height in the 18th century, but which still resonates today. Enlightenment theories about economics and philosophy, still widely held today, have provided the basis for numerous critiques from numerous critics, including members of the Frankfurt school and most of the leading French thinkers of modern and postmodern eras. ◼ Characteristics of the Enlightenment: ◼ 1) Reason should control your actions, not dogma. Don't believe something just because it's traditional. ◼ 2) Doubt everything, lead to Locke's concept of political rights. ◼ 3) Linked to development of modern science, e.g., Immanuel Kant. ◼ 4) Important figures - Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz, John Stuart Mill, David Hume, Adam Smith, John Milton. ◼ The Enlightenment defined and celebrated modern ideas about reason and rationalism
Montesquieu and rousseau
Montesquieu and Rousseau
Ethos of 18 Century Reason and Intellectual 对比十七世纪:演绎理性( Descartes)和本体论 人主义( Hobbes& Locke) 启蒙运动的理 作为能力的理性对比先验理 性 最简单的成分据以建构对象的整体,为 批判的理性,确立理性为最高及最后的标准_将 刃事物置于理性的法庭 判,以能动的 人的理性取代任何其他的权威。 駕法者在松瞑了第款芽帮 为独立的知识群体和阶层(沙龙、咖啡馆等)
Ethos of 18 Century: Reason and Intellectual ◼ 对比十七世纪：演绎理性（Descartes）和本体论 个人主义（Hobbes & Locke）； ◼ 启蒙运动的理性：作为能力的理性（对比先验理 性）；作为分析和建构的理性，分解一切对象至 于最简单的成分，并据以建构对象的整体；作为 批判的理性，确立理性为最高及最后的标准，将 一切事物置于理性的法庭上加以审判，以能动的 人的理性取代任何其他的权威。 ◼ 知识分子：作为知识的生产者、传播者和世界秩 序的立法者，世俗知识分子第一次在教会外形成 为独立的知识群体和阶层（沙龙、咖啡馆等）
Theory of Human Nature Here then is the only expedient, from which we can hope for success in our philosophical researches to leave the tedious lingering method, which we have hitherto followed, and instead of taking now and then a castle or village on the frontier, to march up directly to the capital or center of these sciences, to human nature itself which being once masters of, we may every where else hope for an easy victory. From this station we may extend our conquests over all those sciences, which more intimately concern human life, and may afterwards proceed at leisure to discover more fully those, which are the objects of pore curiosity. There is no question of importance, whose decision is not compriz'd in the science of man; and there is none, which can be decided with any certainty, before we become acquainted with that science. In pretending, therefore, to explain the principles of human nature, we in effect propose a compleat system of the sciences built on a foundation almost entirely new, and the only one upon which they can stand with any security. Hume
Theory of Human Nature ◼ Here then is the only expedient, from which we can hope for success in our philosophical researches, to leave the tedious lingering method, which we have hitherto followed, and instead of taking now and then a castle or village on the frontier, to march up directly to the capital or center of these sciences, to human nature itself; which being once masters of, we may every where else hope for an easy victory. From this station we may extend our conquests over all those sciences, which more intimately concern human life, and may afterwards proceed at leisure to discover more fully those, which are the objects of pore curiosity. There is no question of importance, whose decision is not compriz'd in the science of man; and there is none, which can be decided with any certainty, before we become acquainted with that science. In pretending, therefore, to explain the principles of human nature, we in effect propose a compleat system of the sciences, built on a foundation almost entirely new, and the only one upon which they can stand with any security. ◼ Hume