Insulin Effects of Phosphoserines 3ADP ATP ADP near carboxy GSK GSK3 on terminus CKII_ATP glycogen HO 1/ synthase Glycogen HO- GI glycogen synthase synthase b activity. Inactive 1 Active PPI Glucagon Glucose Insulin epinephrine 6-phosphate Glucose
Effects of GSK3 on glycogen synthase activity
Glycogen Glucose Glucose-l-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate 6-phosphogluconate Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate Ribulose-5-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Phosphoenolglycerate Pyruvate Acetvl-CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Acetyl-CoA citrate Fumarate Glyoxylate ketoglutarate Succinate succinyl-CoA
Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Phosphoenolglycerate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Glucose-6-phosphate 6-phosphogluconate Ribulose-5-phosphate Citrate Isocitrate a-ketoglutarate succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate Glyoxylate Acetyl-CoA Glycogen
糖代谢调节 特点:最高效的计划经济! 1. In a metabolically active cell in a steady state, intermediates are ormed and consumed at equafrates 2. Regulatory mechanisms maintain nearly constant levels of key metabolites such as atp and nadh in cells and glucose in the blood
三、糖代谢调节 特点：最高效的计划经济！ 1. In a metabolically active cell in a steady state, intermediates are formed and consumed at equal rates. 2. Regulatory mechanisms maintain nearly constant levels of key metabolites such as ATP and NADH in cells and glucose in the blood
代谢控制的核心一一酶 Association with Sequestration regulatory protein (compartmentation) DNA - mRNA E nave Amino acids armour Allosteric Covalent Nucleotides regulation modification Factors that determine the activity of an enzyme blue arrows represent processes that determine the number of enzyme molecules in the cell Red arrows show factors that determine the enzymatic activity of an existing enzyme molecule
• Factors that determine the activity of an enzyme. Blue arrows represent processes that determine the number of enzyme molecules in the cell; Red arrows show factors that determine the enzymatic activity of an existing enzyme molecule. 代谢控制的核心－－酶
(一)酶量的调节 The number of enzyme molecules in the cell is a function of the rates of synthesis and degradation Enzyme synthesis Outside signals Transcription factors DNA RNA Enzymes
（一）酶量的调节 • The number of enzyme molecules in the cell is a function of the rates of synthesis and degradation. • Enzyme Synthesis： Outside signals Transcription factors DNA RNA Enzymes