#Kansas 2280 4669 0.6 72.58 4.5 59.9 114 ##Kentucky 3387 3712 1.6 70.10 10.6 38.5 #Louisiana 3806 3545 2.8 68.76 13.2 42.2 #Maine 1058 3694 0.7 70.39 2.7 54.7 2 #Maryland 4122 529g 0.9 70.22 #Massachusetts 5814 4755 71.83 18 #Michigan 9111 4751 0.9 70.63 11 52.8 #Minnesota 3921 4675 0.6 72.96 23 57.6 160 #Mississippi 2341 3098 2.4 68.09 12. 41.0 #Missouri 4767 4254 0.8 70.69 48.8 ##Montana 746 4347 0.6 70.56 5.0 59.2 9场 #样Nebraska 1544 4508 0.6 72.60 ##Nevada 590 5149 0.5 69. ##New Hampshire 812 4281 0.7 71.23 3.3 57.6 17 New Jersey 7333 5237 1.1 70.93 5.2 52.5 15 #New Mexico 1144 3601 2.2 70.32 9.7 55.2 ##New York 18076 4903 1.4 70.55 10.9 #North Carolina 5441 3875 1.8 69.21 11.1 38.5 80 #样North Dakota 63 5087 0.8 72.78 1.4 ##0hi0 10735 4561 0.8 70.82 2715 3983 1.1 71.42 6.4 51.6 #Oregon 2284 4660 0.6 72.13 4.2 60.0 24 11860 4449 1.0 70.43 6.1 50.2 126 #Rhode Island 937 4558 1.3 71.90 2.4 46.4 27 #South Carolina 2816 3635 2.3 67.96 11.6 37.8 ##South Dakota 681 4167 0.5 72.08 1.7 53.3 #Tennessee 4173 3821 1.7 70.11 11.0 41.8 #Texas 12237 4188 2.2 70.90 12.2 ##Utah 1203 4022 0.6 72.90 ##Vermont 472 3907 0.6 71.64 5 57.1 #Virginia A98 470 1.4 70.08 9.5 47.8 #Washington 3559 4864 0. 71.72 4.3 63.5 #West Virginia 1799 3617 14 69.48 6.7 41.6 ##Wisconsin 4589 4468 0 72.48 3.0 54.5 88 ##Wyoming 376 4566 0.6 70.29 6 9 62.9 173 Area #Alabama 50708 ##Alaska 566432 ##Arizona 113417
## Kansas 2280 4669 0.6 72.58 4.5 59.9 114 ## Kentucky 3387 3712 1.6 70.10 10.6 38.5 95 ## Louisiana 3806 3545 2.8 68.76 13.2 42.2 12 ## Maine 1058 3694 0.7 70.39 2.7 54.7 161 ## Maryland 4122 5299 0.9 70.22 8.5 52.3 101 ## Massachusetts 5814 4755 1.1 71.83 3.3 58.5 103 ## Michigan 9111 4751 0.9 70.63 11.1 52.8 125 ## Minnesota 3921 4675 0.6 72.96 2.3 57.6 160 ## Mississippi 2341 3098 2.4 68.09 12.5 41.0 50 ## Missouri 4767 4254 0.8 70.69 9.3 48.8 108 ## Montana 746 4347 0.6 70.56 5.0 59.2 155 ## Nebraska 1544 4508 0.6 72.60 2.9 59.3 139 ## Nevada 590 5149 0.5 69.03 11.5 65.2 188 ## New Hampshire 812 4281 0.7 71.23 3.3 57.6 174 ## New Jersey 7333 5237 1.1 70.93 5.2 52.5 115 ## New Mexico 1144 3601 2.2 70.32 9.7 55.2 120 ## New York 18076 4903 1.4 70.55 10.9 52.7 82 ## North Carolina 5441 3875 1.8 69.21 11.1 38.5 80 ## North Dakota 637 5087 0.8 72.78 1.4 50.3 186 ## Ohio 10735 4561 0.8 70.82 7.4 53.2 124 ## Oklahoma 2715 3983 1.1 71.42 6.4 51.6 82 ## Oregon 2284 4660 0.6 72.13 4.2 60.0 44 ## Pennsylvania 11860 4449 1.0 70.43 6.1 50.2 126 ## Rhode Island 931 4558 1.3 71.90 2.4 46.4 127 ## South Carolina 2816 3635 2.3 67.96 11.6 37.8 65 ## South Dakota 681 4167 0.5 72.08 1.7 53.3 172 ## Tennessee 4173 3821 1.7 70.11 11.0 41.8 70 ## Texas 12237 4188 2.2 70.90 12.2 47.4 35 ## Utah 1203 4022 0.6 72.90 4.5 67.3 137 ## Vermont 472 3907 0.6 71.64 5.5 57.1 168 ## Virginia 4981 4701 1.4 70.08 9.5 47.8 85 ## Washington 3559 4864 0.6 71.72 4.3 63.5 32 ## West Virginia 1799 3617 1.4 69.48 6.7 41.6 100 ## Wisconsin 4589 4468 0.7 72.48 3.0 54.5 149 ## Wyoming 376 4566 0.6 70.29 6.9 62.9 173 ## Area ## Alabama 50708 ## Alaska 566432 ## Arizona 113417 6
##Arkansas 51945 #California 156361 ##Colorado 103766 #Connecticut 4862 ##Delaware 1982 ##Florida 54090 #Georgia 58073 ##Hawaii 6425 ##Idaho 82677 ##Illinois 55748 #Indiana 36097 #样Iowa 55941 ##Kansas 81787 #Kentucky 39650 #Louisiana 44930 #Maine 30920 #Maryland 9891 #Massachusetts 7826 #Michigan 56817 #Minnesota 79289 47296 #料Missouri 68995 #Montana 145587 ##Nebraska 76483 #Nevada 109889 #New Hampshire 902 ##New Jersey 7521 #New Mexico 121412 New York 47831 #North Carolina 48798 #North Dakota 69273 ##Ohio 40975 ##Oklahoma 68782 #Oregon 96184 #Pennsylvania 44966 ##Rhode Island 1049 #South Carolina 30225 ##South Dakota 75955 #Tennessee 41328
## Arkansas 51945 ## California 156361 ## Colorado 103766 ## Connecticut 4862 ## Delaware 1982 ## Florida 54090 ## Georgia 58073 ## Hawaii 6425 ## Idaho 82677 ## Illinois 55748 ## Indiana 36097 ## Iowa 55941 ## Kansas 81787 ## Kentucky 39650 ## Louisiana 44930 ## Maine 30920 ## Maryland 9891 ## Massachusetts 7826 ## Michigan 56817 ## Minnesota 79289 ## Mississippi 47296 ## Missouri 68995 ## Montana 145587 ## Nebraska 76483 ## Nevada 109889 ## New Hampshire 9027 ## New Jersey 7521 ## New Mexico 121412 ## New York 47831 ## North Carolina 48798 ## North Dakota 69273 ## Ohio 40975 ## Oklahoma 68782 ## Oregon 96184 ## Pennsylvania 44966 ## Rhode Island 1049 ## South Carolina 30225 ## South Dakota 75955 ## Tennessee 41328 7
#Texas 262134 #Utah 82096 #Vermont 9267 #Virginia 39780 #样Washington 66570 #West Virginia 24070 #Wisconsin 54464 Wyoming 97203 ?state.x77 cor(state.x77) Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder ##Population 1.000000000.20822760.10762237-0.068051950.3436428 #Income 0.208227561.0000000-0.437075190.34025534-0.2300776 #I11 iteracy0.10762237 -0.4370752 1.00000000 -0.588477930.7029752 ##Life Exp -0.068051950.3402553-0.58847793 1.00000000-0.7808458 #Murder 0.34364275-0.2300776 0.70297520 -0.780845751.0000000 ##HS Grad -0.098489750.6199323-0.657188610.58221620-0.4879710 ##Frost -0.332152450.2262822-0.671946970.26206801-0.5388834 #排Area 0.022543840.36331540.07726113-0.107331940.2283902 HS Grad Frost Area #Popu1at1on-0.09848975-0.33215250.02254384 ##Income 0.619932320.22628220.36331544 #I11 iteracy-0.65718861 -0.6719470 0.07726113 ##Life Exp 0.582216200.2620680-0.10733194 Murder -0.48797102-0.5388834 0.22839021 #HS Grad 1.000000000.36677970.33354187 ##Frost 0.366779701.00000000.05922910 ##Area 0.333541870.05922911.00000000 #协方差 ?cov cov(state.x77) 特格 Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder #Population 19931683.7588 571229.7796 292.8679592-4.078425e+02 5663.523714 #Income 571229.7796 377573.3061-163.70204082.8066320+02-521.894286 Illiteracy 292.8680 -163.7020 0.3715306-4.815122e-01 1.581776 ##Life Exp -407.8425 280.6632 -0.48151221.802020e+00 -3.869480
## Texas 262134 ## Utah 82096 ## Vermont 9267 ## Virginia 39780 ## Washington 66570 ## West Virginia 24070 ## Wisconsin 54464 ## Wyoming 97203 ?state.x77 cor(state.x77) ## Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder ## Population 1.00000000 0.2082276 0.10762237 -0.06805195 0.3436428 ## Income 0.20822756 1.0000000 -0.43707519 0.34025534 -0.2300776 ## Illiteracy 0.10762237 -0.4370752 1.00000000 -0.58847793 0.7029752 ## Life Exp -0.06805195 0.3402553 -0.58847793 1.00000000 -0.7808458 ## Murder 0.34364275 -0.2300776 0.70297520 -0.78084575 1.0000000 ## HS Grad -0.09848975 0.6199323 -0.65718861 0.58221620 -0.4879710 ## Frost -0.33215245 0.2262822 -0.67194697 0.26206801 -0.5388834 ## Area 0.02254384 0.3633154 0.07726113 -0.10733194 0.2283902 ## HS Grad Frost Area ## Population -0.09848975 -0.3321525 0.02254384 ## Income 0.61993232 0.2262822 0.36331544 ## Illiteracy -0.65718861 -0.6719470 0.07726113 ## Life Exp 0.58221620 0.2620680 -0.10733194 ## Murder -0.48797102 -0.5388834 0.22839021 ## HS Grad 1.00000000 0.3667797 0.33354187 ## Frost 0.36677970 1.0000000 0.05922910 ## Area 0.33354187 0.0592291 1.00000000 # 协方差 ?cov cov(state.x77) ## Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder ## Population 19931683.7588 571229.7796 292.8679592 -4.078425e+02 5663.523714 ## Income 571229.7796 377573.3061 -163.7020408 2.806632e+02 -521.894286 ## Illiteracy 292.8680 -163.7020 0.3715306 -4.815122e-01 1.581776 ## Life Exp -407.8425 280.6632 -0.4815122 1.802020e+00 -3.869480 8
##Murder 5663.5237 -521.8943 1.5817755-3.869480e+00 13.627465 ##HS Grad -3551.5096 3076.7690 -3.23546946.312685e+00 -14.549616 ##Frost -77081.9727 7227.6041 -21.2900000 1.828678e+01 -103.406000 ##Area 8587916.949419049013.75104018.3371429-1.229410e+0471940.429959 HS Grad Frost Area #Popu1at1on-3551.509551-77081.972658.587917e+06 #Income 3076.768980 7227.604081.904901e+07 #Illiteracy -3.235469 -21.290004.018337e+03 #Life Exp 6.312685 18.28678-1.229410e+04 ##Murder -14.549616 -103.40600 7.194043e+04 #HS Grad 65237894 153992162.2987328+05 ##Frost 153.992163 2702.00857 2.627039e+05 ##Area 229873.192816262703.893067.280748e+09 names(state.x77) ##NULL colnames(state.x77) ##[1]"Population""Income" "Illiteracy""Life Exp" "Murder" #[6】"HS Grad" "Frost" 'Area" x<state.x77[,c(1,2,3,6)] y<-state.x77[,c(4,5)] head(x) 母拼 Population Income Illiteracy HS Grad ##Alabama 3615 3624 2.1 41.3 ##Alaska 365 6315 1.5 66.7 ##Arizona 2212 4530 1.8 58.1 #Arkansas 2110 3378 1.9 39.9 ##California 21198 5114 1.1 62.6 #Colorado 2541 4884 0.7 63.9 head(y) Life Exp Murder ##Alabama 69.05 15.1 ##Alaska 69.31 11.3 #样Arizona 70.55 7.8 ##Arkansas 70.66 10.1 ##California 71.71 10.3 #Colorado 72.06 6.8
## Murder 5663.5237 -521.8943 1.5817755 -3.869480e+00 13.627465 ## HS Grad -3551.5096 3076.7690 -3.2354694 6.312685e+00 -14.549616 ## Frost -77081.9727 7227.6041 -21.2900000 1.828678e+01 -103.406000 ## Area 8587916.9494 19049013.7510 4018.3371429 -1.229410e+04 71940.429959 ## HS Grad Frost Area ## Population -3551.509551 -77081.97265 8.587917e+06 ## Income 3076.768980 7227.60408 1.904901e+07 ## Illiteracy -3.235469 -21.29000 4.018337e+03 ## Life Exp 6.312685 18.28678 -1.229410e+04 ## Murder -14.549616 -103.40600 7.194043e+04 ## HS Grad 65.237894 153.99216 2.298732e+05 ## Frost 153.992163 2702.00857 2.627039e+05 ## Area 229873.192816 262703.89306 7.280748e+09 names(state.x77) ## NULL colnames(state.x77) ## [1] "Population" "Income" "Illiteracy" "Life Exp" "Murder" ## [6] "HS Grad" "Frost" "Area" x <- state.x77[,c(1,2,3,6)] y <- state.x77[,c(4,5)] head(x) ## Population Income Illiteracy HS Grad ## Alabama 3615 3624 2.1 41.3 ## Alaska 365 6315 1.5 66.7 ## Arizona 2212 4530 1.8 58.1 ## Arkansas 2110 3378 1.9 39.9 ## California 21198 5114 1.1 62.6 ## Colorado 2541 4884 0.7 63.9 head(y) ## Life Exp Murder ## Alabama 69.05 15.1 ## Alaska 69.31 11.3 ## Arizona 70.55 7.8 ## Arkansas 70.66 10.1 ## California 71.71 10.3 ## Colorado 72.06 6.8 9
cor(x,y) Life Exp Murder ##Popu1at1on-0.068051950.3436428 ##Income 0.34025534-0.2300776 #I11 iteracy-0.58847793 0.702975 #HS Grad 0.58221620-0.4879710 相关性检验函数 cor(state.x77) 样进 Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder #Population 1.000000000.2082276 0.10762237-0.068051950.3436428 #Income 0.208227561.0000000-0.437075190.34025534-0.2300776 ##Illiteracy 0.10762237-0.43707521.00000000-0.588477930.7029752 ##Life Exp -0.068051950.3402553-0.588477931.00000000-0.7808458 ##Murder 0.34364275-0.23007760.70297520-0.780845751.0000000 #HS Grad -0.09848975 0.619932 -0.65718861 0.58221620-0.4879710 #Frost -0.332152450.2262822-0.671946970.26206801-0.5388834 #Area 0.02254384 0.36331540.07726113-0.107331940.2283902 #样 HS Grad Frost Area #Popu1 ation-0.09848975-0.33215250.02254384 ##Income 0.619932320.22628220.36331544 ##Illiteracy -0.65718861-0.67194700.07726113 ##Life Exp 0.582216200.2620680-0.10733194 ##Murder -0.48797102-0.53888340.22839021 ##HS Grad 1.00000000 0.3667797 0.33354187 ##Frost 0.366779701.00000000.05922910 Area 0.333541870.05922911.00000000 7cor.test *alternative是用来选择指定单侧检脸还是双侧检验 cor.test(state.x77[,3],state.x77[,5]) #Pearson's product-moment correlation 10
cor(x,y) ## Life Exp Murder ## Population -0.06805195 0.3436428 ## Income 0.34025534 -0.2300776 ## Illiteracy -0.58847793 0.7029752 ## HS Grad 0.58221620 -0.4879710 相关性检验函数 cor(state.x77) ## Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder ## Population 1.00000000 0.2082276 0.10762237 -0.06805195 0.3436428 ## Income 0.20822756 1.0000000 -0.43707519 0.34025534 -0.2300776 ## Illiteracy 0.10762237 -0.4370752 1.00000000 -0.58847793 0.7029752 ## Life Exp -0.06805195 0.3402553 -0.58847793 1.00000000 -0.7808458 ## Murder 0.34364275 -0.2300776 0.70297520 -0.78084575 1.0000000 ## HS Grad -0.09848975 0.6199323 -0.65718861 0.58221620 -0.4879710 ## Frost -0.33215245 0.2262822 -0.67194697 0.26206801 -0.5388834 ## Area 0.02254384 0.3633154 0.07726113 -0.10733194 0.2283902 ## HS Grad Frost Area ## Population -0.09848975 -0.3321525 0.02254384 ## Income 0.61993232 0.2262822 0.36331544 ## Illiteracy -0.65718861 -0.6719470 0.07726113 ## Life Exp 0.58221620 0.2620680 -0.10733194 ## Murder -0.48797102 -0.5388834 0.22839021 ## HS Grad 1.00000000 0.3667797 0.33354187 ## Frost 0.36677970 1.0000000 0.05922910 ## Area 0.33354187 0.0592291 1.00000000 ?cor.test #alternative 是用来选择指定单侧检验还是双侧检验 # two.sided\greater\less cor.test(state.x77[,3],state.x77[,5]) ## ## Pearson's product-moment correlation ## 10