Membrane-less organelles and phase separation in cells The structure and function of non-neuronal and neuronal cells. 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： Illustration of living organisms Illustration ofcell structure Illustration oforganelle morphology Illustration ofthe lipids and membrane proteins 互动教学： Does virus belong to the living organisms?Why? What happens if proteins cannot be degraded by the degradative systems? Is there any membrane-less organelle in the cell? How big are mitochondria? 5.教学评价 课后问题： What are the similarities between mitochondria and bacteria? What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Why the virus is not a living organism? What are the differences between neuron and non-neuronal cell? What are the functions of membrane-less organelles? Chapter2.DNA replication,repair and recombination（滕昕辰) 1.教学目标（五号宋体） Understand the structure of DNA structure and how it affectsthe properties and functions of DNA Understandthe molecular mechanism and characteristics of DNA replication Understand how DNA replication can be extremely accurate
Membrane-less organelles and phase separation in cells The structure and function of non-neuronal and neuronal cells. 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： • Illustration of living organisms • Illustration of cell structure • Illustration of organelle morphology • Illustration of the lipids and membrane proteins 互动教学： • Does virus belong to the living organisms? Why? • What happens if proteins cannot be degraded by the degradative systems? • Is there any membrane-less organelle in the cell? • How big are mitochondria? 5. 教学评价 课后问题： • What are the similarities between mitochondria and bacteria? • What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? • Why the virus is not a living organism? • What are the differences between neuron and non-neuronal cell? • What are the functions of membrane-less organelles? Chapter 2. DNA replication, repair and recombination（滕昕辰） 1. 教学目标 （五号宋体） • Understand the structure of DNA structure and how it affects the properties and functions of DNA • Understandthe molecular mechanism and characteristics of DNA replication • Understand how DNA replication can be extremely accurate
Understand the mechanism of generation of DNA mutations and DNA repair. 2.教学重难点 教学重点： DNA structure:first order,second order,and third order Mechanism and characteristic of DNA replication Types of DNA mutations Mechanism of DNA repair 教学难点： Proofreading mechanism of DNA replication Different DNA repair systems 3.教学内容 2-1 Structure of DNA Structure of nucleotides Differences between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides Terminology of nucleosides and nucleotides Structure of double-stranded DNA:double helix,Watson-Crick base pairs,opposite directionality Special properties of double-stranded DNA:reversible strand separation,supercoiled structure 2-2 DNA replication Properties of DNA replication:semiconservative,5'->3',needs a primer,semidiscontinuous,bidirectional DNA replication fork:leading strand,lagging strand Replication origin(s)in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Proteins participating in DNA replication:DNA polymerase,helicase,primase,sliding clamp,clamp loader,topoisomerase,single- stranded DNA-binding protein,ribonuclease H,ligase Telomere and telomerase 2-3 DNA repair and recombination Types of DNA mutations:point mutations,insert/deletion mutations,large-scale mutations Causes of DNA mutations:errors generated by DNA polymerase,chemical and radiation damages
• Understand the mechanism of generation of DNA mutations and DNA repair. 2. 教学重难点 教学重点: • DNA structure: first order, second order, and third order • Mechanism and characteristic of DNA replication • Types of DNA mutations • Mechanism of DNA repair 教学难点: • Proofreading mechanism of DNA replication • Different DNA repair systems 3. 教学内容 2-1 Structure of DNA Structure of nucleotides Differences between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides Terminology of nucleosides and nucleotides Structure of double-stranded DNA: double helix, Watson-Crick base pairs, opposite directionality Special properties of double-stranded DNA: reversible strand separation, supercoiled structure 2-2 DNA replication Properties of DNA replication: semiconservative, 5’→3’, needs a primer, semidiscontinuous, bidirectional DNA replication fork: leading strand, lagging strand Replication origin(s) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Proteins participating in DNA replication: DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, sliding clamp, clamp loader, topoisomerase, singlestranded DNA–binding protein, ribonuclease H, ligase Telomere and telomerase 2-3 DNA repair and recombination Types of DNA mutations: point mutations, insert/deletion mutations, large-scale mutations Causes of DNA mutations: errors generated by DNA polymerase, chemical and radiation damages
Base excision repair (BER)eliminates damaged bases and T-G mismatches Mismatch repair(MMR)eliminates other base-pair mismatches and insertions or deletions of one or a few nucleotides Nucleotide excision repair (NER)targets large,bulky lesions that distort the normal shape of DNA locally Two ways to repair double-strand breaks:nonhomologous end joining homologous recombination 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： Illustration ofDNA structure Illustration ofdetailed process of DNA replication Illustration of structure and function of key proteins involved in DNA replication Illustration ofdifferent types DNA mutations Illustration ofdifferent DNA repairs systems 互动教学： Ask the students to draw of the complementary DNA strand sequence of a given DNA strand. How many wayscan DNA replicate?How can we prove this experimentally? Are primers needed for RNA replication? Can both strands of DNA replicate continuously?Why? What is the consequence of having only one replication origin per chromosome in eukaryotes? Whatare the problems with linear DNA replication? What happens if the insertion/deletion is not a multiple of three base pairs? Possible consequencesofnonhomologous terminal recombination repair? 5. 教学评价 课后问题： What difference between RNA and DNA helps to explain the greater stability of DNA? What are Watson-Crick base pairs?Why are they important? What characteristic of DNA results in the requirement that some DNA synthesis be discontinuous? What is the proofreading mechanism in DNA replication? What is the function of the slide clamp?What is the consequence without the slide clamp?
Base excision repair (BER) eliminates damaged bases and T-G mismatches Mismatch repair (MMR) eliminates other base-pair mismatches and insertions or deletions of one or a few nucleotides Nucleotide excision repair (NER) targets large, bulky lesions that distort the normal shape of DNA locally Two ways to repair double-strand breaks: nonhomologous end joining & homologous recombination 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： • Illustration of DNA structure • Illustration of detailed process of DNA replication • Illustration of structure and function of key proteins involved in DNA replication • Illustration of different types DNA mutations • Illustration of different DNA repairs systems 互动教学： • Ask the students to draw of the complementary DNA strand sequence of a given DNA strand. • How many ways can DNA replicate? How can we prove this experimentally? • Are primers needed for RNA replication? • Can both strands of DNA replicate continuously? Why? • What is the consequence of having only one replication origin per chromosome in eukaryotes? • What are the problems with linear DNA replication? • What happens if the insertion/deletion is not a multiple of three base pairs? • Possible consequences of nonhomologous terminal recombination repair? 5. 教学评价 课后问题： • What difference between RNA and DNA helps to explain the greater stability of DNA? • What are Watson-Crick base pairs? Why are they important? • What characteristic of DNA results in the requirement that some DNA synthesis be discontinuous? • What is the proofreading mechanism in DNA replication? • What is the function of the slide clamp? What is the consequence without the slide clamp?
Describe the problem that occurs during DNA replication at the ends of chromosomes.How are telomeres related to this problem? What are the three excision-repair systems found in eukaryotes,and which one is responsible for correcting thymine- thymine dimers that form as a result of UV light damage to DNA? Briefly describe the similarities and differences of the two processes that can repair double-strand breaks. Chapter3.From DNA to protein(滕昕辰) 1.教学目标 Understand the basic processes and molecularmechanisms of transcription Understand the significance and molecular mechanismsofmRNA processing in eukaryotic cells Understand the decoding mechanism of mRNA by tRNAs Understand the basic processes and molecularmechanisms of protein translation 2.教学重难点 教学重点： Fundamental processes and molecular mechanisms ofRNA transcription Fundamental processesand molecular mechanisms of mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells The decoding of mRNA by tRNAs Structure and function of tRNA-aminoyl synthase Molecular mechanismsof initiation,extension,and termination oftranslation 教学难点： Sequence relationships ofthe template,coding strand and RNA transcripts RNA transcription initiation and abortive initiation Nonstandard base pairing between codons and anticodons Mechanism and significance of proofreading function ofaminoyl-tRNA synthase Translocation of sites A,P,and E during protein translation Function of GTP-binding proteins involved in protein translation
• Describe the problem that occurs during DNA replication at the ends of chromosomes. How are telomeres related to this problem? • What are the three excision-repair systems found in eukaryotes, and which one is responsible for correcting thyminethymine dimers that form as a result of UV light damage to DNA? • Briefly describe the similarities and differences of the two processes that can repair double-strand breaks. Chapter 3. From DNA to protein（滕昕辰） 1. 教学目标 • Understand the basic processes and molecular mechanisms of transcription • Understand the significance and molecular mechanisms of mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells • Understand the decoding mechanism of mRNA by tRNAs • Understand the basic processes and molecular mechanisms of protein translation 2. 教学重难点 教学重点: • Fundamental processes and molecular mechanisms of RNA transcription • Fundamental processes and molecular mechanisms of mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells • The decoding of mRNA by tRNAs • Structure and function of tRNA-aminoyl synthase • Molecular mechanisms of initiation, extension, and termination of translation 教学难点: • Sequence relationships of the template, coding strand and RNA transcripts • RNA transcription initiation and abortive initiation • Nonstandard base pairing between codons and anticodons • Mechanism and significance of proofreading function of aminoyl-tRNA synthase • Translocation of sites A, P, and E during protein translation • Function of GTP-binding proteins involved in protein translation
3.教学内容 3-1 The central dogma in prokaryotic vs.eukaryotic cells 3-2 Transcription of protein-coding genes and formation of functional mRNA Template DNA of transcription Properties of RNA synthesis:5'->3',needs no primer Functions of three eukaryotic RNA polymerases,especially properties of Pol II Three stages in transcription:initiation,elongation,and termination Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA:5'capping,3'poly-adenylation,and RNA splicing 3-3 The decoding of mRNA by tRNAs Three RNAs involved in translation:mRNA,tRNA,rRNA Messenger RNA carries information from DNA in a three-letter genetic code The folded structure of tRNA promotes its decoding functions Nonstandard base pairing between codons and anticodons Function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in decoding 3-4 Stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes Structure ofribosomes:RNA components,A,P,E sites Stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes:initiation,elongation,and termination GTPase-superfamily proteins function in several quality-control steps of translation 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： Illustration ofRNA polymerase structure Illustration ofthree stages in transcription:initiation,elongation,and termination Illustration of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing Illustration of decoding of mRNA by tRNAs Illustration of stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes 互动教学： Is the proofreading function of RNA polymerase different from that of DNA polymerase? Why does RNA transcription tolerate a high error rate?
3. 教学内容 3-1 The central dogma in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells 3-2 Transcription of protein-coding genes and formation of functional mRNA Template DNA of transcription Properties of RNA synthesis: 5’→3’, needs no primer Functions of three eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially properties of Pol II Three stages in transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA: 5’ capping, 3’ poly-adenylation, and RNA splicing 3-3 The decoding of mRNA by tRNAs Three RNAs involved in translation: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Messenger RNA carries information from DNA in a three-letter genetic code The folded structure of tRNA promotes its decoding functions Nonstandard base pairing between codons and anticodons Function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in decoding 3-4 Stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes Structure of ribosomes: RNA components, A, P, E sites Stepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes: initiation, elongation, and termination GTPase-superfamily proteins function in several quality-control steps of translation 4. 教学方法 多媒体教学： • Illustration of RNA polymerase structure • Illustration of three stages in transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination • Illustration of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing • Illustration of decoding of mRNA by tRNAs • Illustration ofstepwise synthesis of proteins on ribosomes 互动教学： • Is the proofreading function of RNA polymerase different from that of DNA polymerase? • Why does RNA transcription tolerate a high error rate?