Clinical featur pulmonary congestion systemic venous congestion, tissue perfusion deficiency due to low cardiac output
• pulmonary congestion, • systemic venous congestion , • tissue perfusion deficiency due to low cardiac output . Clinical Features
emodynamic Featu o left ventricular end-diastolic pressure>18mmHg B right ventricular end-diastolic pressure>10mmHg, heart failure= cardiac insuffiency
❖left ventricular end-diastolic pressure>18mmHg, ❖right ventricular end-diastolic pressure>10mmHg, heart failure = cardiac insuffiency. Hemodynamic Features
Causes of heart failure Reduced ventricular contractility a. Cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction. b. Meta bolic dysfunction
Causes of heart failure 1.Reduced ventricular contractility a. Cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction. b. Metabolic dysfunction
2. ventricular overload a pressure overload---- hypertension aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis b volume overload --- mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, atrial septal defect, ventricular sepals defect, hyperthyroidism, artery-venous fistula c ventricular inflow obstruction----hypertrophy mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis endocardial fibrosis and other disorders that cause a stiff myocardium
2.ventricular overload a. pressure overload---- hypertension , aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis. b. volume overload ---- mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation , atrial septal defect, ventricular sepals defect , hyperthyroidism, artery-venous fistula. c. ventricular inflow obstruction----hypertrophy , mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis .endocardial fibrosis and other disorders that cause a stiff myocardium
Precipitating /aggravating factors myocardial ischemia or intarction infection arrhythmia pulmonary embolism exertion pregnancy and parturition anema intravenous fluid overload, electrolyte disturbance acid-base imbalance
Precipitating / aggravating factors • myocardial ischemia or infarction • infection • arrhythmia • pulmonary embolism • exertion • pregnancy and parturition • anemia • intravenous fluid overload, electrolyte disturbance, acid-base imbalance