y件 0.05 Genus HCoV-229E diy58 detity43% HCoV-NL63 a-CoVs TGEV Bat-SL ZC45 Bat-SL ZXC21 a-CoVs HCoV.229E 2019-nCoV SARS-CoV B.CoVs B.CoV 2a HE MHV MERS-CoV HCoV-0C43 61a7b8a8 SARS-CoV HKU-1 MHV-A59 4045E MERS-CoV IBV y-CoVs y-CoVs SW1 HKU11 δ.CoVs 6.CoVs HKU17 7a 7b 7c-HKU11
Genus 冠状病毒科（Coronaviridae）
HCoV HKU1(human) HE 1ab】 S5 M N 2019-nCoV(human) 3目67a 96 1ab☐ M 7b SARS-CoV(human) 67a 9b 1ab有 3b MERS-CoV(human) 4妇目86 1ab☐s3465MN☐ Ty-BatCoV_HKU4(bat) 39 3@目 1ab s☐33dMN Ro-BatCoV_HKU9(bat) D 7a 1ab】 S 3M N 7b Figure 1.Betacoronavirus genome organization.The betacoronavirus genome comprises of the 5'-untranslated region(5'-UTR), open reading frame (orf)la/b(yellow box)encoding non-structural proteins (nsp)for replication,structural proteins including spike (blue box),envelop (orange box),membrane (red box),and nudeocapsid(cyan box)proteins,accessory proteins (purple boxes)such as orf 3,6,7a,7b,8 and 9b in the 2019-nCoV(HKU-SZ-005b)genome,and the 3'-untranslated region(3'-UTR).Examples of lineages A to D betacoronaviruses indude human coronavirus (HCoV)HKU1(lineage A),2019-nCoV(HKU-SZ-005b)and SARS-CoV (lineage B),MERS-CoV and Tylonycteris bat CoV HKU4 (lineage C),and Rousettus bat CoV HKU9 (lineage D).The length of nsps and orfs are not drawn in scale
TABLE 1 The 16 nonstructural proteins of coronaviruses and their functions nsps Functions References nsp1 Cellular mRNA degradation,inhibiting IFN 15,16 signaling nsp2 Unknown 1718 nsp3 PLP,polypeptides cleaving.blocking host 1920 innate immune response,promoting cytokine expression nsp4 DMV formation 2122 nsp5 3CL M polypeptides cleaving,inhibiting 23-25 IFN signaling nsp6 Restricting autophagosome expansion,DMV 2627 formation nsp7 Cofactor with nsp8 and nsp12 2629 nsp8 Cofactor with nsp7 and nsp12,primase 28-30 nsp9 Dimerization and RNA binding 3132 nsp10 Scaffold protein for nsp14 and nsp16 33-36 nsp11 Unknown 37 nsp12 Primer dependent RdRp 283839 nsp13 RNA helicase,5'triphosphatase 40-42 nsp14 Exoribonuclease,N7-MTase 124345 nsp15 Endoribonudease,evasion of dsRNA sensors 46-48 nsp16 2-O-MTase;avoiding MDA5 recognition, 3,3549 negatively regulating innate immunity Abbreviations:3CL,chymotrypsin-like protease:DMV. double-membrane vesicle:dsRNA,double-stranded RNA viruses:IFN interferon:mRNA,messenger RNA;MPo,main protease