A. The complexity of eukaryotic genomes Genome: One copy of all the genetic information of an organism o Genome size generally increases with an organism's complexity. If each nucleotide pair is 1 mm, then the human genome would extend 3200 km, far enough to stretch across the center of africa. the site of our human origins
A. The complexity of eukaryotic genomes ❖Genome: One copy of all the genetic information of an organism. ❖Genome size generally increases with an organism’s complexity. If each nucleotide pair is 1 mm,then the human genome would extend 3200 km, far enough to stretch across the center of Africa, the site of our human origins
Species Genome size SV40 5×103bp E coli 46×109bp Yeast 2×107bp Fruit fly 2×105bp Human 3×10bp Some amphibian and感 plants have larger genome size than human
Species Genome size SV40 5 ×103bp E.coli 4.6×106bp Yeast 2×107bp Fruit fly 2×108bp Human 3×109bp Some amphibian and plants have larger genome size than human
TABLE 4I Vital Statistics of Human Chromosome 22 and the Entire Human Genome CHROMOSOME 22 HUMAN GENOME DNA length 48×10° nucleotide pairs 32×109 Number of genes approximately 700 approximately 30,000 Smallest protein-coding gene 1000 nucleotide pairs not analvzed Largest gene 583,000 nucleotide pairs 24×105 nucleotide pairs Mean gene size 19,000 nucleotide pairs 27,000 nucleotide pairs Smallest number of exons per gene Largest number of exons per gene 54 l78 Mean number of exons per gene 8.8 Smallest exon size 8 nucleotide pairs not analyzed Largest exon size 7600 nucleotide pairs 17, 106 nucleotide pairs Mean exon size 266 nucleotide pairs 145 nucleotide pairs Number of pseudogenes" more than 134 not analyzed Percentage of DNA sequence in exons 3% 1.5% (protein coding sequences Percentage of DNA in high-copy 42% approximately 50% repetitive elements Percentage of total human genome 15% 100% The nucleotide sequence of 33 8x 10 nucleotides is known; the rest of the chromosome consists primarily of very short repeated sequences that do not code for proteins or RNA. A pseudogene is a nucleotide sequence of DNA closely resembling that of a functional gene, but containing numerous deletion mutations that prevent its proper expression. Most pseudogenes arise from the duplication of a functional gene followed by the accumulation of damaging mutations in one copy
DNA Sequencing is being applied to whole genomes as well as to genes Each dna molecule that forms a linear chromosome Early Ecoli, 6 years to complete its sequence. If do as so: Almost 6000 years to sequence the
❖DNA sequencing is being applied to whole genomes as well as to genes Early: E.coli, 6 years to complete its sequence. If do as so: Almost 6000 years to sequence the. Each DNA molecule that forms a linear chromosome
Protein-coding sequences(Nonrepeated) -25-50% of the protein-coding genes are solitary genes. Others belong to gene family, which encode proteins with similar but nonidentical amino acid sequences B-like globin gene familv. Contains 5 functional genes
➢ Protein-coding sequences (Nonrepeated) ~25-50% of the protein-coding genes are solitary genes. Others belong to gene family, which encode proteins with similar but nonidentical amino acid sequences. ß-like globin gene family: Contains 5 functional genes