b.Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)..................436 b.Id,Ego,Superego… 450 2.Impressionism in Art.........436 c.Oedipus Complex… 450 a.Edouard Manet(1832—1883)…437 I.Contemporary Western Literature Before 1945...........451 b.Claude Monet (1840-1926)............438 1.English Literature...............................451 c.Camille Pissarro(1830-1903）…438 a.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965…451 d.Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)..............439 b.Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)...........................455 e.Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas (1834-1917) 439 c.Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)............................456 3.Post-Impressionism..............440 d.David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930)..............461 a.Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)..................440 2.Irish Literature……462 b.Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)....................441 a.William Butler Yeats(1865-1939）…462 c.Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)..........441 b.James Joyce(1882-1941）…463 4.Sculpture……442 3.American Literature..........................467 5.Architecture…442 a.Ezra Pound(1885-1972)……467 VI.Music at the Turn of the Century …443 b.William Faulkner(1897-1962)………469 1.Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904)....................444 c.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961).............470 2.Claude Debussy (1862-1918) ……444 4.German Literature……475 Questions for Revision.....445 Thomas Mann(1875-1955)…475 5,French Literature……475 a.Andre Gide(18691951)…475 DIVISION TEN b.Marcel Proust (1871-1922).....................476 c.Albert Camus (1913-1960)........................477 MODERNISM AND OTHER TRENDS 6.Russian and Soviet Literature............478 a.Maksim Gorky (1868-1936) 478 I.General Introduction……446 b.Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (1905-1984)..478 1.Modernism Defined..........................................446 I.Literature and Philosophy Since 1945..................479 2.Historical Context..................447 1.Angry Young Men in England...........................479 3.Progress in Science...............................448 a.Kingsley Amis(1922-1995）… 480 4.New Ideas and Thoughts..........449 b.John0 sborne(1929-1994)……480 a.The Unconscious… 449 2.Beat Generation in America …483 18 19
a.Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) 483 i.Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) …503 b.Jack Kerouac(1922—1969)…485 i.Max Ernst(1891-1976)… 503 3.Nouveau Roman (New Novel)...........................485 f.Surrealism… 504 a.Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922- )………486 i.Salvador Dali(19041989）…… 504 b.Nathalie Sarraute (1902- ）…………486 i.Joan Mir6(1893-1983)… 504 4.Existentialism……487 g.Abstract Expressionisin.......................... 505 Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)...............487 Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)...............505 5.The Theatre of the Absurd 488 2.Sculpture…… 505 a.Samuel Beckett(1906-1989）… 488 a.Henry Moore (1898-1986)................... 505 b.Eugene Ionesco (1912-1994)...........492 b.Constantine Brancusi (1876-1957)...................506 6.B引ack Humour…492 3,Musi…… 506 Joseph Heller(1923-1999）…492 a.Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951).......................508 ,Art and Music… 495 b.Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971).....................509 1.Art……495 c,Bela Bart6k(1881-1945)…510 a.Fauvism+… 497 d.Dmitry Shostakovich (1906-1973)....................510 i.Henri Matisse (1869-1954)........................... 497 Questions for Revisic0n……511 ii.Andre Derain (1880-1954).................... 497 Select Bibliography参考书目…513 b.Expressionism… 498 欧洲与中国：大事对照简表……… 517 i.Emil Nolde (1867-1956)............... 44 498 i.G0 orge Gros:2(1893-1959)…498 iii.Max Beckmann (1884-1950) 499 iw.Paul K1ee(1879-1940)…499 v.Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)...............499 c.Cubism…500 i.Pablo Picas3s∞(1881-1973)+…500 ii.Georges Braque (1882-1963).............501 d.Futurism…502 Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916) 502 e,Dadaism… 502 21 20 ，7啊可现T
Introduction 1.Uses of the Subject Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture?Well,English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture behind it. Further,European culture itself is a part of world culture.Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world,particularly so when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs. 2.Two Major Elements in European Culture European culture is made up of many'elements,which have gone through changes over the centuries.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are:the Greco-Roman element,and the Judeo-Christian element. However,there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture. 1 7·上>足5碗得拥
learning,such as Alexandria with its famous library,around the Mediterranean. DIVISION ONE GREEK CULTURE AND 2.Social and Political Structure Athens was a democracy.Democricy means "exercise of power ROMAN CULTURE by the whole people",but by "the whole people"the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens,and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father.Women,children,foreigners and I.Greek Culture slaves were excluded.They had no rights. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.Slaves worked on farms and in workshops and mines owned 1.The Historical Context by their masters.There was harsh exploitation in Greek society. In a remote period of Greek history,probably around The Greeks loved sports.Once every four years,they had a big 1200 B.C.,a war was fought between Greece and Troy,a city on festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.Thus the Asiatic side of the Aegean,ending in the destruction of Troy. began the Olympic Games.Revived in 1896,the Games have become This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. the world's foremost amateur sports competition. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.This was marked by the successful repulse of the 3.Homer Persian invasion early in the century,the establishment of democracy Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their and the flourishing of science,philosophy,literature,art and epics.He probably lived around 700 B.C.Two such epics,the Iliad historical writing in Athens. and the Odyssey,have survived.They are not about events of The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. Homer's own time,but about great men and wars of a remoter age, In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,all Greece was probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C. brought under the rule of Alexander,King of Macedon.His armies The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern went out to conquer large areas of Europe,Asia and Africa, mainland of Greece,led by Agamemnon in their war against the city spreading Greek culture wherever they found themselves. of Troy.The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and In 146 B.C.the Romans conquered Greece.By that time Greek Odysseus on the Greek.In the final battle,Hector was killed by culture had firmly established itself in much of eastern and western Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. Europe and northern Africa,with flourishing centres of Greek The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan 2 3 以·零和得脑露行得
war to his home island of Ithaca.It describes many adventures he ran so that his folk fare well. into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his O my dear lady, faithful wife Penelope.Extracts from the Odyssey: this being so,let it suffice to ask me of other matters-not my blood,my homeland. Odysseus'Reunion with Penelope Do not enforce me to recall my pain. (Odysseus,after ten years of war and another ten years of My heart is sore;but I must not be found voyaging,has now reached his home island,Ithaca.He finds his sitting in tears here,in another's house: own house full of evil people pressing his wife Penelope to remarry. it is not well forever to be grieving. Disguised as a stranger,he contrives to see and speak with Penelope, One of the maids might say-or you might think- who does not immediately recognize him to be her husband. I had got maudlin over cups of wine." Willing hands And Penelope replied: brought a smooth bench,and dropped a fleece upon it. Here the adventurer and king sat down; “Stranger,my looks, then carefully Penelope began: my face,my carriage,were soon lost or faded when the Akhaians crossed the sea to Troy, "Friend,let me ask you first of all: Odysseus my lord among the rest. who are you,where do you come from,of what nation If he returned,if he were here to care for me, and parents were you born?" I might be happily renowned! But grief instead heaven sent me-years of pain. And he replied: Sons of the noblest families on the islands, "My lady,never a man in the wide world Doulikhion,Same,Wooded Zakynthos, should have a fault to find with you.Your name with native Ithakans,are here to court me, has gone out under heaven like the sweet against my wish;and they consume this house. honour of some god-fearing king,who rules Can I give proper heed to guest or suppliant in equity over the strong:his black lands bear or herald on the realm's affairs? both wheat and barley,fruit trees laden bright, new lambs at lambing time-and the deep sea gives great hauls of fish by his good strategy, Akhaians,Greeks 5 三子中修型