V.Science and Technology during the Renaissance.179 3.Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727)……193 1,Geographical Discoveries………180 4.Gottfried Wilhelm von Le bniz (1646-1716)...........194 a.Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)............180 5.Invention of New Instruments...........................195 b.Bartholomeu Dias (1466?-1500)........................ 180 6.Two Merits Shared by the:Great Scientists c.Vasco da Gama (about 1460-1524)..................... 180 of the17 th Century……196 d.Amerigo Vespucci (1457-1512)................. 180 M.Philosophy,Politics and Literature in England.196 2.Astronomy…i… 181 1.Francis Bacon (1561-1626).................................196 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) 181 2.Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)...................200 3.Anatomy… 181 a.Hobbes's Materialist Views.......................200 a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452-l519）…181 b.The Natural State of War........................201 b.Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) 181 c.The Laws of Nature… 202 4,Printing…181 d.The Theory of the Social Contract..................... 203 Aldus Manutius(1450-1515)……181 3.John Locke(1632-1704)… 204 5.Political Science and Historiography …182 a.Locke's Materialist Views..............................204 a.Dante(1265—1321)…182 b.Locke's Political Philosophy..................205 b.NiccolòMachiavelli(1469-1527)…182 c.The Social Contract.......... 206 c.Giorgio Vosari (1511-1574).......................... 183 4.John Milton and the English Revolution …208 M.Summing-up… 183 N.Descartes;French Classicism.......... 13 Questions for Revision...........184 1.Rene Descartes (1596-1650) 213 a.The Method of Cartesian Doubt 214 b.Descartes's Theory of Knowledge.......215 DIVISION FIVE c.Innate Ideas………215 d.Descartes's Dualism.............. 216 THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 2.French Classicism...217 a.Pierre Corneille(1606-1684）…218 I.General Introduction……186 b.Jean Racine(1637-1699)…… 221 夏.Science…l87 c.Molière(1622-1673)…223 1.From Copernicus to Kepler........ 187 V.Art…225 2.Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)..............190 1.Baroque Art… 225 8 9 7了厚忍补和
a.Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)...............225 a.The Origin of Human Inequality (1755)..........241 b.Michelangelo Caravaggio (1573-1610) 225 b.The New Heloise(1761）…241 e.Francesco Borromini (1599-1667)...............226 c.Emile,or On Education (1762)......................242 d.Peter Paul Rubens(1577-1640)……226 d.The Social Contract(1762)……242 e.Diego Velazquez(1599-1660)……227 e.TheC0 nfessions(1764-1770）…242 2.Dutch Protestant Art...............227 4.Denis Diderot (1713-1784)...............................243 Van Rijn Rembrandt (1606-1669).........................227 a.Philosophical Thoughts（1746)…243 3.Art and Architecture in France......................228 b.Letters on the Blind(1749）…243 4.Music…229 c.Encyclopedie (1751)...............................243 Questi0 ns for Revisi0n…*……+……… 229 d.Elements of Physiology(1774-1780）……243 e.Rameau's Nephew (1761-1774)....................244 夏.English Literature…248 DIVISION SIX 1.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)...........................248 THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT a.Essay on Criticism (1711)..................248 b.The Rape of the Lock (1712-1714) …248 c.Dunciad(1728)……,249 I.General Introduction …231 d.Essay on Man (1733-1734)..................... 249 1.Enlightenment…231 2.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)…250 2.Historical Context..................233 3.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745).........................251 I.French Philosophy and Literature.............235 a.A Modest Proposal...............251 1.Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu (1689-1755)......235 b.Gulliver's Travels (Travels into Several Remote a.Persian Letters(1721)）…235 Nations of the World...by Lemuel Gulliver)(1726) b.The Spirit of the Laws (1748).....................235 ……252 2.Voltaire (pseudonym of Jean Francois Arouet, 4.Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)........................252 1694—1778)…239 5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)……252 a.Lettres Anglaise (also circulated as Lettres 6.Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)………253 Philose0 phiques）(1739）…240 7.Journalism and the Periodical Essay.................253 b.Candide(1758）……240 N.German Literature and Philosophy.....255 3.Jean-Jacques Rous5seau(1712-1778)…+…241 1.Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781)...................255 10 11 生中商获擅
a..Minna von Barnhelm (1767)........................... 255 …272 b.Nathan the Wise(1779）…256 1.The Musical Enlightenment ……272 c.La0c00n(1766)……256 a.Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)................... 273 d.Hamburgische Dramaturgie............. 256 b.George Friderick Handel (1685-1759) ……274 2,Wolfgang von Goethe(1749-1832）…257 2.The Classical Period275 a.The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774).............. 257 a.Joseph Haydn (1732-1309)...........................277 b..Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795-1796).257 b.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791).........278 c.Wilhelm Meister's Travels(1821-l829）…257 d.Faust(part I,1808;partⅡ，1832)258 Questions for Revision..............................281 e.Poetry and Truth (1811-1831)........................258 3.Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805)...... ………264 DIVISION SEVEN a.The Robber (1781)............265 ROMANTICISM b.Cabal and Love (1784).............................265 c.Wallenstein(1798and1799）…265 d.withelm Tel (1804)................................265 I.General Introduction ……284 4.【mmanuel Kant(1724-1804)…2 1.What is Romanticism？……284 68 a.General History of Nature and Theory 2.Two Revolutions....................286 of the Heavens(1755)… 268 重.Romanticism in Germany…287 b.Critique of pure Reason.............. 268 1.Goethe(1749-1832)and Schiller(1759-1805)…287 c.Critique of Practical Reason..................269 2.Schiegel Brothers (the Jena School)....................288 d.Critique of Judgment……269 3.Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)........................... 288 V.Art……270 亚.Romanticism in England…290 1.R00oC0Art…270 1.William Blake(1757-1827)…… 290 2.Typical Works and Major Artists....................271 2.The Lakers-Wordsworth and Coleridge …292 a.Salon de la Princesse,Hotel de Soubise ...........271 3.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824).................... 294 b.Rococo Painters……272 4.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822).....................296 i.Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) 有”4*4+4中 272 5.John Keats(1795—1821)… 298 ii.Francois Boucher (1703-1770)....................272 6.Walter Scott(1771一1832）……… 299 12 13 工乘装
V.Romanticism in France.................... 300 2.The Later Romantics-Middle of the 19th Century 1.Chateaubriand (1768-1848)..........300 0……333 2.Victor Huge0(1802-1885)……302 a.Johannes Brahms (1833-1897).....................334 3.George Sand(1804-1876)…305 b.Peter Ilitch Tchaikovsk:y (1840-1893)................335 V.Romanticism in Italy..........................306 1.Alessandro Manzoni (1785-1873).......................306 2.Giacomo Leopardi(1798-1837)……307 DIVISION EIGHT W.Romanticism in Russia..........................311 1.Aleksander Pushkin (1799-1837) ………311 MARXISM AND DARWINISM 2.Mikhail Y.Lermontov (1814-1841)....................314 M.Romanticism in Poland...........................315 I.The Rise of Marxism 414+…54404444…339 Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855)......................315 1.General Introduction……339 VI.Concluding Remarks-A True Movement ..........319 2.Historical Background.......339 K.Art and Architecture....................320 3.The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of 1,Painting8……………320 Marxism…4…340 a.Goya(17461828)…321 b.David(1748-1825)…322 a.German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy c.Delacroix(1798-1863)…323 ……340 d.Gericault(1791-1824)…324 i,Hegelian dialectics*……t…*…340 e.Turner(1775-1851)+…324 i.Feuerbach's materialism……341 f.John Constable (1776-1837).........................325 iti.Marxist philosophy……341 2.Architecture…325 iv.Marxist historical materialism....................349 X.Musi0…325 b.English Classical Political Economy and 1.The Early Romantics..............326 Marxist Political Economy...........351 a.Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827).................326 c.Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism ..........353 b.Franz Schubert(1797-1828）…329 i.Robert0wen(1771一1858)…354 c.Frederic Chopin (1810-1849).................330 ii.Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)..............354 d.Robert Schumann (1810-1856)..................331 iii.Charles Fourier (1772-1837)....................354 e.Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)........................332 4.Marx and Literature……362 14 15 中年于3438隔牌
5,Summing-up…365 2.Honore de Balzac (1799--1850)......................... 380 夏.Darwinism……… 366 3.Gustave Flaubert (1821--1880)...................385 l,General Introduction………… 366 4.Emile Zola(18401902)…388 2.Ideas of Evolution Before Darwin........367 5.Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893)......................... 390 a.Jean-Baptiste de Monet Lamarck (1744-1829)......367 重.Realism in Russia…391 b.Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)........................368 1.Nikolai G0gol(1809-1852)…392 c.Karl Marx(1818-1883)…368 2.Ivan Sergeyevich Turgerev(1818-1883) 393 3.Life of Charles Darwin (1809-1882).................... 368 3.Fyodor Dostoyevsky(1821-1881)……394 4.Darwin's Works and Theories..............................370 4.Count Leo Tolstoy (1823-1910)...................396 a.On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural 5.Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904)................. 403 Selection,or the Preservation of Favoured Races N.Realism in Northern Europe.............. 407 in the Struggle for Life.............................370 1.Henrik Ibsen(1828-1906)…407 b.The Descent of Man....................................373 2.August Strindberg(1849-1912）…416 5.Effects of Darwinism……………·373 V.Realism in England… 417 a.On Biol0gy…373 1.Charles Dickens(1812-1870）…417 b.On Theology… 373 2.George Eliot (pen name of Mary Ann Evans, c.On Social Science 374 1819—1880）…420 3.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) 421 4.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)…425 DIVISION NINE 5.George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950).........................426 M.Realism in the United States.... 427 REALISM 1.Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)...................427 2.Walt Whitman(1819-1892）… 428 I.General Introduction 375 3.Mark Twain(pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1.What Is Realism? ……375 1835-1910）…… 433 2.The Historical Background..................................377 4.Henry James(1843-1916)……… 434 I.Realism in France............... 378 M.Art…435 1.Stendhal (pen name of Marie Henri Beyle,1783-1842).. 1.Realism in Art… 435 0**…………+++*+*+t+…44+4…378 a.Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)....................... 435 16 17 网弼新率重華