NREMand REMSleepNREM sleep Nonrapid Eye Movement SleepLow EEG frequency, no complex dreamsSympathetic-nervous-systemdominantREM sleep Rapid Eye Movement SleepEEG resembles waking state (low voltage, highfrequency,asynchronous),rapid eye movement, mighthavevividdreamsincreased activity ofparasympathetic systemparadoxical sleep→ difficult to arouse
NREM and REM Sleep • NREM sleep Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep Low EEG frequency, no complex dreams Sympathetic-nervous-system dominant • REM sleep Rapid Eye Movement Sleep EEG resembles waking state (low voltage, high frequency, asynchronous), rapid eye movement, might have vivid dreams increased activity of parasympathetic system paradoxical sleep → difficult to arouse
Four Stages of NREM Sleep NREM sleep the Initial phase of sleepStageFrequency，AmplitudenAwakeAipharhythmsBetarhythmsREMshppppeesleepBetathythmsAwakeStage1hnon-REMThetathythmssleepREMStage2waAaytha中non-REMsleepSpindleKcomplexStage32wwmnon-REMsleepDeltathythms3-Stage4wmnon-REMasleepDelta rhythms11P.M1A.M2AM.3AM.4AM.5AM.6A.M.51015020MidnightTimeTime (sec)(b)(a)
Four Stages of NREM Sleep • NREM sleep the Initial phase of sleep Stage ↑ → Frequency ↓, Amplitude ↑
EEG Cycle of Sleep·REM sleepMusclemovementsNormal Nighttime Sleep Stages(expect ocular andAwakerespiration muscle), Heartrate ↑esaas·Sleep apnea2Stimulation of respirationmuscle ceases → ↓ oxygen3→ wake up → deprived ofslow-wave and REM sleep4·Function of sleep012358467UnknownHour (during sleep)REM SleepLearning and memoryImmune functionsquora.comPsychotic behavior understressTableonP355
EEG Cycle of Sleep quora.com • REM sleep Muscle movements ↓ (expect ocular and respiration muscle), Heart rate ↑ • Sleep apnea Stimulation of respiration muscle ceases → ↓oxygen → wake up → deprived of slow-wave and REM sleep •Function of sleep Unknown Learning and memory Immune functions Psychotic behavior under stress Table on P355
Brainstemnucleithatarepartofthe reticularNeural Substances of Statesactivatingsystemof ConsciousnessNorepinephrineNorepinephrineandandserotoninserotoninRegulation:Nuclei inAcetylcholinetAcetylcholinebrainstem andhypothalamusWakingNREMsleepREMsleepReticular activating system(RAS)1ActivationActivation- Originate in different nucleiofthethalamusofthethalamusandcortexandcortexwithinthe brainstem-SomesendfiberstoHistamineHistaminethalamus that influencesAntihistaminesIGABATGABA→drowsinesscEEF- Release NE, 5-HT or ACh Preoptic areaHypothalamuswithSuprachiasmaticNM→Sleep-wake cyclescircadianandnucleus→biologicalhomeostaticcentersclockSource:Barrett KE, Barman SM,Boitano S,BrooksH: Gonong'Reiiewof Medicof Physiofogy23""Edition:http://www.accessmedicine.com
Neural Substances of States of Consciousness • Regulation: Nuclei in brainstem and hypothalamus • Reticular activating system (RAS) - Originate in different nuclei within the brainstem - Some send fibers to thalamus that influences EEF - Release NE, 5-HT or ACh → NM → Sleep-wake cycles Preoptic area Suprachiasmatic nucleus → biological clock Antihistamines → drowsinessc
2. Learning and Memory: Memory?bizhi360.com
2. Learning and Memory • Memory? bizhi360.com