(4) Aldolase(醛缩酶), named for the reverse reaction catalyzes the cleavage( lysis")of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate from the middle c-c bond to form two 3-carbon sugars dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate this is a reversal aldol condensation reaction; thermodynamically very unfavorable under standard conditions (5)Triose phosphate isomerase(an extremely efficient enzyme)converts dihydroacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; an intramolecular redox reaction(a hydrogen atom is transferred from C-1 to C-3)
（4）Aldolase (醛缩酶), named for the reverse reaction catalyzes the cleavage (“lysis”) of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from the middle C-C bond to form two 3-carbon sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; this is a reversal aldol condensation reaction; thermodynamically very unfavorable under standard conditions. （5）Triose phosphate isomerase (an extremely efficient enzyme) converts dihydroacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; an intramolecular redox reaction (a hydrogen atom is transferred from C-1 to C-3)
(6) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase催化糖酵解的唯一的氧 化还原反应 ★NAD+为该酶的辅酶,从底物接受2eˉ。 ★脱氢反应的同时,底物发生磷酸化,无机 磷酸直接参与反应,砷酸可取代磷酸参与 该反应,但产物为3-磷酸甘油酸。 ★巯基为该酶的催化基团,形成硫酯中间产 物,碘乙酸为是该酶的抑制剂
（6）Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 催化糖酵解的唯一的氧 化还原反应。 ★ NAD+ 为该酶的辅酶，从底物接受2e - 。 ★脱氢反应的同时，底物发生磷酸化，无机 磷酸直接参与反应，砷酸可取代磷酸参与 该反应，但产物为3-磷酸甘油酸。 ★巯基为该酶的催化基团，形成硫酯中间产 物，碘乙酸为是该酶的抑制剂
(7) The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1, 3-BPG to an aDP to generate an atp this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation;1, 3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to atp formation (8) The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3 phosphoglycerate from c-3 to c-2 1 2 3 bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the mutase and an intermediate for the reaction
（7）The phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the direct transfer of the anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG to an ADP to generate an ATP; this is called the substrate-level phosphorylation; 1,3-BPG is a high energy intermediate that leads to ATP formation. （8）The phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the shift of phosphoryl group on 3- phosphoglycerate from C-3 to C-2; 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate is both a coenzyme for the mutase and an intermediate for the reaction
(9) Enolase(烯醇酶) catalyzes the elimination of a H2o from 2-phosphoglycerate to generate phosphoenolglycerate(PEp)with the transfer potential of the phosphoryl group dramatically increased (4 Go changed from.6 to-61 9 k/mol) (10) The pyruvate kinase(named for the reverse reaction)催化糖酵解的第二分子ATP的合成 ★该酶为变构调节酶,ATP、长链脂肪酸、乙酰辅 酶A、和丙氨酸为抑制剂,果糖-1,6-二磷酸为激 活剂。 ★该反应在细胞中为不可逆反应 ★该酶至少有三种不同类型的同工酶:L型(肝脏) M型(肌肉和脑)、A型(其他组织)
（9）Enolase (烯醇酶) catalyzes the elimination of a H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate to generate phosphoenolglycerate (PEP) with the transfer potential of the phosphoryl group dramatically increased ( G 0` changed from –17.6 to –61.9 kJ/mol). （10）The pyruvate kinase (named for the reverse reaction) 催化糖酵解的第二分子ATP的合成。 ★该酶为变构调节酶，ATP、长链脂肪酸、乙酰辅 酶A、和丙氨酸为抑制剂，果糖-1，6-二磷酸为激 活剂。 ★该反应在细胞中为不可逆反应。 ★该酶至少有三种不同类型的同工酶：L型（肝脏）、 M型（肌肉和脑）、A型（其他组织）
CH OH Trehalose HO/H HH OH CH,OH H Glycogen; starch D-Galactose 其他单糖进入糖酵解途径 OH H OH UDP-galactose H OH Glucose.← UDP-glu D-Glucose 1-phosphate CHoH ATP pheoghogt HOCH: o CHgOH OH HO H HO Glucose. HO OH 6-phosphate HH OH H ATP D-Mannose D-Fructose ATT ATP fructokinase Fructose. Mannose-6-phosphate 6-phosph Fructose-1-phosphate Fructose-1. 6- bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde+ Dihydroxyacetone phosphat triose phesphate Glyceraldehyde. 3-phosphat
二其他单糖进入糖酵解途径