Cancercellstendto convertmostWARBURGglucose to lactate via Glycolysisregardless of whether oxygen isEFFECTpresent.Definition of WarburgEffectDifferentiated tissueTumorProliferativetissueC+O02+/-02GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseO2PyruvatePyruvatePyruvate85%5%LactateLactateLactateCO2CO2
What's the Flip Side of Metabolism?WpeeROS个fromCu/ZnSODO"HOH*HH'H'IMSeeusiIMMAMatrixHOOFADHFAD"OHNADHNAD*ATPADP+P;Fe2+O2O"GPx>H2OO2+H20H202CatalaseGSHGSSG
What’s the Flip Side of Metabolism? ROS from
ReactiveOxygenSpecies(ROS)1.highlyreactivespeciesformedbytheincompleteone-electronreductionofoxygen2.includingsuperoxide(O2)hydrogenperoxide(H,O2)hydroxylradical(OH)nitricoxide(NO)peroxynitrite(ONOO)nitrogendioxideradical(NO2)3.lowlevelsofRoS.---->cellularsignaling4.highlevelsofROS---->oxidativedamagetolipidsproteinsandDNA
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1. highly reactive species formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen 2. including superoxide (O2 - ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH- ), nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO- ), nitrogen dioxide radical (NO2 ) 3. low levels of ROS -> cellular signaling 4. high levels of ROS -> oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA
ROSIncreaseDamagesDNA,LipidsandProteinsROSO2H,O2DNA:DNA-strand breaksSuperoxideHydroganradicalmutationsperoxidedeletionsOHHydroxytradicafattyacids:peroxidationproteins:carbonylationaminoacidmodification
ROS Increase Damages DNA, Lipids and Proteins
RosIncreaseandAging个ROSaccumulationMitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell butproduce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).These species arehypothesized tobe a majorcontributorto theagingprocess.Thesereactiveoxygen speciescandamageDNA,lipids andproteinscausingmitochondrialROSproductiontoincreasewithage.ItispossiblethatmtDNA is a primary targetof oxidative damage and as more copies of the mtDNA sustain mutations,complexesintheelectrontransportchainbecomelessefficientduetostoichiometricmismatchesbetweenthemitochondrialvs.nuclearencodedcomponents oftheelectrontransportchains.Thisgradualaccumulation ofdamagetomtDNAwouldbeexpectedtoleadtoadeclineinmitochondrialfunction
ROS Increase and Aging ROS accumulation