BASICS ARCHITECTURE Lorraine Farrelly representational techniques n relating to or characterised a way of carrying out a by representation particular task especially the execution of an artistic work or a scientific procedure academia
Basics Architecture 01 Lorraine Farrelly This first book in the Basics Architecture series explores the many concepts and techniques used to represent architecture, ranging from the way in which sketches are used to develop conceptual ideas, through to the working drawings and models required for the construction of buildings. Representational Techniques covers both two-dimensional and three-dimensional methods of representation and demonstrates the range of media options available. Using examples from leading international architects and designers, along with more experimental student work, a broad array of interpretations, possibilities and applications are demonstrated. The book provides an invaluable resource for students and architectural professionals, and offers an accessible introduction for anyone interested in graphic communication and drawing techniques. Other titles in AVA’s Basics Architecture series include Construction and Materiality and Architectural Design. Ethical practice is well known, taught and discussed in the domains of medicine, law, science and sociology but was, until recently, rarely discussed in terms of the Applied Visual Arts. Yet design is becoming an increasingly integral part of our everyday lives and its influence on our society ever-more prevalent. AVA Publishing believes that our world needs integrity; that the ramifications of our actions upon others should be for the greatest happiness and benefit of the greatest number. We do not set ourselves out as arbiters of what is ‘good’ or ‘bad’, but aim to promote discussion in an organised fashion for an individual’s understanding of their own ethical inclination. By incorporating a ‘working with ethics’ section and cover stamp on all our titles, AVA Publishing aims to help a new generation of students, educators and practitioners find a methodology for structuring their thoughts and reflections in this vital area. Lorraine Farrelly is an architect, and coordinates the degree courses in architecture and interior design at the University of Portsmouth’s School of Architecture. She has experience of working on both largescale and smaller-scale architectural projects. Lorraine lectures extensively on representation in architecture, specifically exploring freehand sketching, physical and CAD modelling and presentation ideas. Featured topics conceptual sketches analytical sketches observational sketches experimental techniques measuring scale plans sections elevations perspective axonometric drawings isometric drawings photomontage collage modelling cad software graphic and oral presentations storyboards portfolios Featured contributors 6a architects Alsop Architects Architecture Plb Block architecture CJ Lim/Studio 8 Design Engine Dixon Jones dRMM Format Milton Hyde + Hyde Jakob + MacFarlane John Pardey Architects David Mathias Morphosis Piercy Conner Architects Pierre d’Avoine Architects S333 Architecture + Urbanism Ltd Steven Holl Architects Witherford Watson Mann ava publishing sa sales@avabooks.ch www.avabooks.ch BASICS 01 ARCHITECTURE representational techniques BASICS 01 n a way of carrying out a particular task especially the execution of an artistic work or a scientific procedure Lorraine Farrelly ARCHITECTURE n relating to or characterised by representation representational techniques Publisher’s note 3rd Proof Title: BA:Representational Technoques Job No: CD909-203/4269 ba01_reptech_new_cov_0709 final 9/25/09 5:03 PM Page 1 £19.95 3rd Proof Title: BA:Representational Technoques UK EDN Job No: CD909-203/4269 ba01_reptech_new_cov_0709 final 9/29/09 1:12 PM Page 1
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C M Y K T Cheryl Basic Architecture Upon approval Please sign: Name and Date: 001-033 chapter 1cw (7).qxd 8/15/07 2:11 PM Page 3 2 | 3 001-033_R+T_1stp_SN.qxd 10/11/07 1:39 PM Page 3
Contents 6 Introduction 8 How to get the most out of this book 10 Sketch 34 Scale 68 Orthographic 12 Tools and materials projection 36 Measuring 14 Conceptual sketches 70 Plans 40 Full size 18 Analytical sketches 78 Sections 44 Detail scale 22 Observational 82 Elevations 50 Interior scale sketches 86 Drawing conventions 54 Building scale 24 Sketchbooks 88 Drawing categories 58 Urban scale 28 Experimental 92 Exercise 3:drawing techniques 62 Not to scale 32 Exercise 1:sketch 66 Exercise 2:scale
C M Y K T Cheryl Basic Architecture Upon approval Please sign: Name and Date: 001-033 chapter 1cw (7).qxd 8/15/07 2:12 PM Page 4 Representational techniques 10 Sketch 12 Tools and materials 14 Conceptual sketches 18 Analytical sketches 22 Observational sketches 24 Sketchbooks 28 Experimental techniques 32 Exercise 1: sketch 34 Scale 36 Measuring 40 Full size 44 Detail scale 50 Interior scale 54 Building scale 58 Urban scale 62 Not to scale 66 Exercise 2: scale 68 Orthographic projection 70 Plans 78 Sections 82 Elevations 86 Drawing conventions 88 Drawing categories 92 Exercise 3: drawing Contents 6 Introduction 8 How to get the most out of this book 001-033_R+T_1stp_SN.qxd 10/11/07 1:39 PM Page 4
4|5 94 Three-dimensional 116 Modelling 144 Layout and images 118 Physical models presentation 96 Perspective 122 Physical modelling 146 Layout 100 Axonometric drawings equipment 154 Graphic 104 Isometric drawings 128 Model scales presentations 106 Other applications 132 CAD models 160 Oral presentations 162 Storyboards 112 Photomontage and 134 CAD software collage 164 Portfolios 140 Fly through 114 Exercise 4: 168 Exercise 6:layout 142 Exercise 5: perspective and presentation modelling 170 Conclusion 172 Glossary 174 Further resources 176 Acknowledgements 177 Working with ethics
C M Y K T Cheryl Basic Architecture Upon approval Please sign: Name and Date: 001-033 chapter 1cw (7).qxd 8/15/07 2:13 PM Page 5 Contents 4 | 5 94 Three-dimensional images 96 Perspective 100 Axonometric drawings 104 Isometric drawings 106 Other applications 112 Photomontage and collage 114 Exercise 4: perspective 116 Modelling 118 Physical models 122 Physical modelling equipment 128 Model scales 132 CAD models 134 CAD software 140 Fly through 142 Exercise 5: modelling 144 Layout and presentation 146 Layout 154 Graphic presentations 160 Oral presentations 162 Storyboards 164 Portfolios 168 Exercise 6: layout and presentation 170 Conclusion 172 Glossary 174 Further resources 176 Acknowledgements 001-033_R+T_1stp_SN.qxd 10/20/07 9:27 AM Page 5 177 W orking with ethics
Introduction Representation is an important aspect of any visual or design-based discipline and the techniques for representing architectural ideas are both exciting and challenging.Architectural ideas can eventually become buildings.An idea leads to a concept,which becomes a sketch.The sketch is then developed into a physical sketch model and a set of scale drawings that are explored and investigated in detail. Representing each of these stages of architectural development requires a variety of skills.Sometimes freehand, loose or intuitive drawings and models,where concept and abstraction are critical,are the best techniques to employ. At other times,the precise detail of CAD drawings might be needed to explain how a building is assembled.The challenge of architectural representation is to generate the right type of image to suit the given stage in the design process. Architectural drawings employ a kind of language,and the right dialect is needed for a given situation.The language of architectural drawing is varied,but the vocabulary is basic. Ildeas are expressed as lines and all lines or strokes on a page are careful and considered.The excitement with architectural representation is to use the language of drawing,to perfect it and develop it so it communicates the architectural idea to become a unique,real architectural experience. As with all drawing techniques,it is important to practise and develop your own skills and adapt methods to different situations.Within each of the book's six sections you will find an exercise,which will allow you to test and apply the ideas: introduced.A sketchbook(ideally one that has blank,thick paper and is A4-size or larger)and pencil are important tools to have to hand.Whenever you draw or make a mark in your sketchbook,keep it,don't erase it.There are no such things as mistakes in drawing.It's all a visual record of your ideas; some will be better than others,but they all contribute towards something bigger and better.If nothing else,you can always look back at the first pages you started in your sketchbook and see how far you have travelled
C M Y K T Cheryl Basic Architecture Upon approval Please sign: Name and Date: 001-033 chapter 1cw (7).qxd 8/15/07 2:14 PM Page 6 Representational techniques Representation is an important aspect of any visual or design-based discipline and the techniques for representing architectural ideas are both exciting and challenging. Architectural ideas can eventually become buildings. An idea leads to a concept, which becomes a sketch. The sketch is then developed into a physical sketch model and a set of scale drawings that are explored and investigated in detail. Representing each of these stages of architectural development requires a variety of skills. Sometimes freehand, loose or intuitive drawings and models, where concept and abstraction are critical, are the best techniques to employ. At other times, the precise detail of CAD drawings might be needed to explain how a building is assembled. The challenge of architectural representation is to generate the right type of image to suit the given stage in the design process. Architectural drawings employ a kind of language, and the right dialect is needed for a given situation. The language of architectural drawing is varied, but the vocabulary is basic. Ideas are expressed as lines and all lines or strokes on a page are careful and considered. The excitement with architectural representation is to use the language of drawing, to perfect it and develop it so it communicates the architectural idea to become a unique, real architectural experience. As with all drawing techniques, it is important to practise and develop your own skills and adapt methods to different situations. Within each of the book’s six sections you will find an exercise, which will allow you to test and apply the ideas; introduced. A sketchbook (ideally one that has blank, thick paper and is A4-size or larger) and pencil are important tools to have to hand. Whenever you draw or make a mark in your sketchbook, keep it, don’t erase it. There are no such things as mistakes in drawing. It’s all a visual record of your ideas; some will be better than others, but they all contribute towards something bigger and better. If nothing else, you can always look back at the first pages you started in your sketchbook and see how far you have travelled. Introduction 001-033_R+T_1stp_SN.qxd 10/11/07 1:41 PM Page 6