Lorraine Farrelly another in the AVA Academia series... T he undamentals Academia
Fof The Fundamentals Architecture Lorraine Farrelly another in the AVA Academia series... Other architecture titles of interest in AVA’s Academia range include: The Visual Dictionary of Architecture Basics Architecture 1: Representational Techniques Basics Architecture 2: History & Precedent Basics Architecture 3: Realisation Basics Architecture 4: Construction Basics Architecture 5: Placing Architecture Basics Architecture 6: Contemporary Ideas ava publishing sa sales@avabooks.ch www.avabooks.ch Lorraine Farrelly is an architect who coordinates the degree courses in architecture and interior design at the School of Architecture, University of Portsmouth. She has experience of working on both large-scale and smaller scale architectural projects. She also lectures extensively on representation in architecture, which covers freehand sketching, physical and CAD modelling and presentation ideas. Lorraine is an examiner for many universities in the UK, has taught at various European institutions and has presented her research about architecture and the European city at conferences internationally. She has written about contemporary architecture and interior design, architectural drawing, architectural education and contemporary architecture for both British and European publications. The Fundamentals of Architecture is an invaluable reference book for anyone seeking an introduction to the basic concepts and principles that inform architecture, and the graphic techniques and language associated with spatial realisation and experimentation. This book introduces methods that consider and explain the process of architecture, and explains how these ideas are informed by better understanding site, context and historical precedent. Broken down into six chapters,The Fundamentals of Architecture looks at placing architecture, the history and precedent of the discipline, construction and materials, representation of ideas, contemporary concepts and realisation. Lorraine Farrelly The Fundamentals of Architecture Job No:01117 Title:Funds of Architecture 1ST Proof Page:Cover Cover,IFC-IBC 01117 9/19/08 1:23 PM Page 1
Contents HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THIS BOOK 06 INTRODUCTION 08 4 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Placing Architecture 12 History and Precedent 34 Construction 62 Site 14 A Timeline of Materials Orientation 22 Architectural Influences 36 Elements of Construction 7 Climate 24 The Ancient World 38 Prefabrication Materials 26 The Classical World 42 Reinvention 80 Places and Spaces 28 The Medieval World 46 Sustainability 82 Understanding the City 30 The Renaissance Innovative Materials 84 Understanding Landscape 32 The Baroque and the Enlightenment 5 Modernism 56
QC Preflight Point 3rd 11 11 p4 Job no : 76451 Title : The Fundamentals of Architecture Client : AVA Scn : #175 Size : 200(w)230(h)mm Co : M11 C0 (All To Spot)(Coagl)__LC Dept : DTP D/O : 07.05.07(Job no:76451C2 D/O : 01.06.07 Co: CM11) 76451_CTP_001-051.qxd 6/1/07 2:03 PM Page 4 3rd p4 (Job no:76451C2 D/O : 01.06.07 Co: CM11) 4 Contents The Fundamentals of Architecture CHAPTER 1 Placing Architecture 12 Site 14 Orientation 22 Climate 24 Materials 26 Places and Spaces 28 Understanding the City 30 Understanding Landscape 32 CHAPTER 2 History and Precedent 34 A Timeline of Architectural Influences 36 The Ancient World 38 The Classical World 42 The Medieval World 46 The Renaissance 48 The Baroque and the Enlightenment 52 Modernism 56 CHAPTER 3 Construction 62 Materials 64 Elements of Construction 72 Prefabrication 78 Reinvention 80 Sustainability 82 Innovative Materials 84 HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THIS BOOK 06 INTRODUCTION 08 Contents 76451_CTP_001-051.qxd 6/1/07 2:03 PM Page 4
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 5 Representation 86 Contemporary Ideas 124 Realisation 146 CAD Drawing 88 Universal Ideas and The Project Timeline 148 Sketching 90 Principles 126 The Project 150 Scale 96 Functionalism 130 Contributors and Their Roles 152 Orthographic Projection 100 Sculpturalism 134 The Brief 154 Perspective 106 Monumentalism 138 The Concept 156 Three-dimensional Images 108 Zeitgeist 142 Site Analysis 158 Physical Modelling 112 The Design Process 160 CAD Modelling 114 Detail Development 162 Layout and Presentation 116 The Finished Building 164 Storyboarding 118 Portfolios 120 CONCLUSION 166 PICTURE CREDITS 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBOGRAPHY 168 INDEX 174 GLOSSARY 170 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 176
p5 QC Preflight Point 1st 11 11 Job no : 76451 Title : The Fundamentals of Architecture Client : AVA Scn : #175 Size : 200(w)230(h)mm Co : M11 C0 (All To Spot)(Coagl)__LC Dept : DTP D/O : 07.05.07 (Job no:000000 D/O : 00.00.07 Co: CM0) 74561_CTP_001-051.qxd 5/3/07 10:54 AM Page 5 p5 1st 5Contents CHAPTER 4 Representation 86 CAD Drawing 88 Sketching 90 Scale 96 Orthographic Projection 100 Perspective 106 Three-dimensional Images 108 Physical Modelling 112 CAD Modelling 114 Layout and Presentation 116 Storyboarding 118 Portfolios 120 CHAPTER 5 Contemporary Ideas 124 Universal Ideas and Principles 126 Functionalism 130 Sculpturalism 134 Monumentalism 138 Zeitgeist 142 CHAPTER 6 Realisation 146 The Project Timeline 148 The Project 150 Contributors and Their Roles 152 The Brief 154 The Concept 156 Site Analysis 158 The Design Process 160 Detail Development 162 The Finished Building 164 CONCLUSION 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBOGRAPHY 168 GLOSSARY 170 PICTURE CREDITS 172 INDEX 174 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 176 74561_CTP_001-051.qxd 5/3/07 10:54 AM Page 5
How to get the most out of this book The Fundamentals of Architecture is intended to be a solid foundation for those who work,develop and study within architecture.Through guidance,photography and illustration,key areas of architectural concepts,contexts and developments are covered.This book offers a unique resource and insight into the practical, philosophical and professional world of architecture. Chapter 2 History and Precedent Design and innovation builds on precedent, on ideas and concepts that have evolved over time Architecture uses precedents from social and cultural history and applies these influences to contemporary buildings,forms and structures. Having a historical understanding of buildings is 6 an essential part of architectural design because it alluws a relationship between the material, physical and formal developments that have been previbusly explored by other architects.Reacting agailist,or responding to these ideas has been the basis of architectural evolution. Chapter introductions Images Provide a brief outline of the key Photographs,diagrams and concepts and ideas that the chapter illustrations from an array of will explore. professional practices bring the text to life. Captions Supply contextual information about the images and help connect the visuals with those key concepts discussed in the body copy
1 p6 new 6.indd 1 10/8/07 8:59:59 AM 6 How to get the most out of this book The Fundamentals of Architecture Chapter introductions Provide a brief outline of the key concepts and ideas that the chapter will explore. Images Photographs, diagrams and illustrations from an array of professional practices bring the text to life. Captions Supply contextual information about the images and help connect the visuals with those key concepts discussed in the body copy. How to get the most out of this book The Fundamentals of Architecture is intended to be a solid foundation for those who work, develop and study within architecture. Through guidance, photography and illustration, key areas of architectural concepts, contexts and developments are covered. This book offers a unique resource and insight into the practical, philosophical and professional world of architecture. 34 35 Design and innovation builds on precedent, on ideas and concepts that have evolved over time. Architecture uses precedents from social and cultural history and applies these influences to contemporary buildings, forms and structures. Having a historical understanding of buildings is an essential part of architectural design because it allows a relationship between the material, physical and formal developments that have been previously explored by other architects. Reacting against, or responding to these ideas has been the basis of architectural evolution. Chapter 2 History and Precedent History and Precedent The Fundamentals of Architecture 1. Threshold Watercolour Study Colin Graham, 2002 This watercolour study of a doorway combines a series of section, plan and elevation drawings to reveal the nature of the entrance to this building. Its scale, use of materials and shadow are described effectively with watercolour technique. The entrance way is a combination of arches and uses classical proportions to relate size of doorway, width of arch and depth of colonnade. Understanding Landscape < History and Precedent > A Timeline of Architectural Influences 2nd 76451_CTP_001-051.qxd 5/23/07 2:19 PM Page 6
Section introductions Each chapter section represents a different unit or area of study.The section introductions signify the start of a new unit and briefly outline what will be discussed. Diagrams Help to explain architectural theory and concepts in more detail. 7 Colour coding Denotes the chapter. Box outs Contain more detailed and contextual information about those architects or practices that are referred to in the body copy. Navigation Chapter navigation helps you determine which chapter unit you are in and what the preceding and following sections are
new 7.indd 1 10/8/07 8:59:33 AM p7 7 Navigation Chapter navigation helps you determine which chapter unit you are in and what the preceding and following sections are. Box outs Contain more detailed and contextual information about those architects or practices that are referred to in the body copy. Diagrams Help to explain architectural theory and concepts in more detail. Section introductions Each chapter section represents a different unit or area of study. The section introductions signify the start of a new unit and briefly outline what will be discussed. 14 22 23 Placing Architecture The Fundamentals of Architecture POSITION Sites have specific and unique location qualities, and this creates dynamic and ever-changing circumstances for anything positioned on it. For example, the shadow a building projects will change from one day to the next, and the light quality in any room will continually move and change. The position of a building relative to natural light determines many aspects of its planning. In a house, the position of a garden terrace or the location of, say, a dining room, rely on an architect’s understanding of how light enters a room or how shadow is cast across a garden. On larger scale buildings, orientation can significantly affect heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. This will affect the energy efficiency of the building and the comfort of its users. The positioning of a building is part of the mechanics of understanding the site, and it provides a changing varying impression of the site, from the point when the sun rises to when it sets, and from the summer solstice (when the sun is at its highest point), to the winter solstice (when it is at its lowest). 13., 14., 15. & 16. Position and Light 13. External louvres on a building can modify the light coming into the building and can be manually adjusted to control the light. 14. Shadows cast by structures can have an impact on their surrounding environment, creating a local climate of light and dark. 15. Internal shadow can dramatically affect the way an interior environment may feel. Architects can play with light to create different moods within buildings. 16. Understanding that sunlight entering a building will change over the course of the day or will vary from season to season informs the design and layout of the interior spaces. Orientation In terms of architecture and building, orientation describes an understanding of how a building’s position on a site can influence specific factors concerning its design. How light affects our appreciation of buildings, and the activities we experience within them, is one of the most fundamental aspects of architectural design. Natural light in interior space brings life, a moving dimension and a connection with time and the outside. Site < Orientation > Climate Design Orientation Factors 1. For living accommodation in the northern hemisphere, in design terms, bedrooms should be east facing and dining rooms west facing to enjoy the light from the rising and setting sun. 2. South facing buildings will need some form of protection from sunlight. During summer months solar heat gain can raise temperatures to uncomfortable levels. This protection or modification can be in the form of internal blinds or brise soleil (external projections that affect the light entering the building). 3. North light can provide constant and unvarying light. 4. Orientation is concerned with prevailing wind as well as sunlight; different aspects or elevations of buildings may need to be treated in different ways to acknowledge this. 5. Buildings project shadows; understanding orientation requires an appreciation of the potential effect a building mass could have on its site or that of an adjacent one. 13 15 16 126 127 Contemporary Ideas The Fundamentals of Architecture Contemporary Ideas < Universal Ideas and Principles > Functionalism GEOMETRY In this context, geometry describes the ordering and organising of spaces according to geometric principles. Geometry can affect the plan, elevation or section of a building, as well as its individual elements, such as the doors or windows. Symmetry is an organising system that reflects either a plan, or elevation around a central line or axis. An axis connects two or more defined points and can regulate elements such as windows and doors (which will affect experiences such as views and vistas, and the entrance to and exit from buildings). Proportion describes the relationship of parts to a whole. Within architecture proportion is the relationship of scale (see page 96) and the hierarchy of a building or structure’s elements to its whole form. Universal Ideas and Principles There are universal ideas and concepts that transcend style or time and affect all architecture in varying ways. These have been categorised into three groups: geometry, form and route. Within each of these groups most architecture can be defined or described. 2. Plan of The Villa Rotunda Symmetry in architecture symbolises rational mathematical principles. Plans for Andrea Palladio’s Villa Rotunda (situated in Vincenza, Italy) show bilateral symmetry in two directions. The red lines indicate the axis of symmetry that crosses the villa’s central point. 3. Plan of the Château de Versailles This plan of the Château de Versailles displays the relationship of the château (designed by architect Louis Le Vau) to the gardens (designed by landscape architect André Le Notre) and demonstrates strong systems of symmetry along an axis. Within each of the parterre gardens other symmetrical patterns exist. The red lines here indicate the main organising axis of both garden and house. 4. Plan of Villa Stein The seemingly irregular plan of Le Corbusier’s Villa Stein (situated in Garches, France) is governed by the precise geometric proportioning system of a modular grid. The numbers shown relate to the module measurement that is applied to both the plan and the elevation of the building, which creates a certain rhythm. 2 4 3 How to get the most out of this book Colour coding Denotes the chapter. 2nd 76451_CTP_001-051.qxd 5/23/07 3:08 PM Page 7