达1/50~1/500,故绝大多数短指症患者为Aa。如果患者Aa与正常人 a婚配,其所生子女中,大约有1/2是患者(图5-3),也就是说,这 对夫妇每生一个孩子,都有1/2的可能性生出短指症的患儿。 图53染色体显性透传病杂合子患者与正常人婚配图解 图54是1903年 Farabee报道的一个美国家族的短指症系谱,它 也是人类常染色体完全显性遗传的第一个例证。 图544—个短指症家族的系谱 、常染色体完全显性遗传的特征 从以上典型的病例,可见常染色体完全显性遗传的典型遗传方式 有如下特点:①由于致病基因位于常染色体上,因而致病基因的遗传 与性别无关,即男女患病的机会均等;②患者的双亲中必有一个为患 者,但绝大多数为杂合子,患者的同胞中约有12的可能性也为患者; ③系谱中可见本病的连续传递,即通常连续几代都可以看到患者;④ 双亲无病时,子女一般不会患病(除非发生新的基因突变) 根据这些特点,临床上可对常染色体完全显性的遗传病进行发病 风险的估计。例如夫妇双方中有一人患病(杂合子),那么子女患病的 可能性为12;两个患者(均为杂合子)婚配,则子女患病的可能性为 3/4。 Criteria for Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 1. Phenotypically normal family members do not transmit the phenotype to their children Failure of penetrance or exceptional mild expression of a condition may lead to apparent exception to thisrule Male and female are equally likely to transmit the phenotype, to children
6 达 1/50~1/500,故绝大多数短指症患者为 Aa。如果患者 Aa 与正常人 aa 婚配,其所生子女中,大约有 1/2 是患者(图 5-3),也就是说,这 对夫妇每生一个孩子,都有 1/2 的可能性生出短指症的患儿。 图 5-3 染色体显性遗传病杂合子患者与正常人婚配图解 图 5-4 是 1903 年 Farabee 报道的一个美国家族的短指症系谱,它 也是人类常染色体完全显性遗传的第一个例证。 图 5-4 一个短指症家族的系谱 三、常染色体完全显性遗传的特征 从以上典型的病例,可见常染色体完全显性遗传的典型遗传方式 有如下特点:①由于致病基因位于常染色体上,因而致病基因的遗传 与性别无关,即男女患病的机会均等;②患者的双亲中必有一个为患 者,但绝大多数为杂合子,患者的同胞中约有 1/2 的可能性也为患者; ③系谱中可见本病的连续传递,即通常连续几代都可以看到患者;④ 双亲无病时,子女一般不会患病(除非发生新的基因突变)。 根据这些特点,临床上可对常染色体完全显性的遗传病进行发病 风险的估计。例如夫妇双方中有一人患病(杂合子),那么子女患病的 可能性为 1/2;两个患者(均为杂合子)婚配,则子女患病的可能性为 3/4。 Criteria for Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 1. Phenotypically normal family members do not transmit the phenotype to their children. Failure of penetrance or exceptional mild expression of a condition may lead to apparent exception to this rule. 2. Male and female are equally likely to transmit the phenotype, to children
of either sex. In particular, male-to-male transmission can occur, and males can have unaffected daughters 3. The phenotype appears in every generation, each affected person hav ing an affected parent Exceptions or apparent exceptions to this rule in clinical genetics: ( 1) cases originating by fresh mutation in a gamete of a phenotypically normal parent; (2 )apparent but not true exceptions in which the disorder is not expressed(non-penetrant) or is expressed very mild in a person who has inherited the responsible gene 4. Any child of an affected parent has a 50% risk of inheriting the trait This is true for most families, in which the other parent is phenotypically normal. Because statistically each family member is the result of an"independent event there may in a single family be wid deviation from the expected 1: I ratio 第三节常染色体隐性遗传病的遗传 由于常染色体隐性遗传病的致病基因为隐性基因,所以只有隐性 纯合子才会发病。在杂合子时,隐性致病基因的作用被其显性基因所 掩盖,而不表现相应的疾病,表型与正常人相同,但是却可将致病基 因遗传给后代。这种表型正常而带有致病基因的杂合子,称为携带者 ( carrier)。白化病、先天性聋哑、先天性肌弛缓等都属于此种遗传方 式 、Tay- Sachs病 Tay-Sachs病(OMM#272800)也称为黑朦性痴呆。在北美的 Ashkenazi犹太人(遗传上隔离群体)中很常见。是一种常染色体隐 性遗传病,患者在出生后6个左右即开始发病,表现为神经系统的退 行性变性,随即致盲,智能和体能不断退化,最后在儿童期死亡
7 of either sex. In particular, male-to-male transmission can occur, and males can have unaffected daughters. 3. The phenotype appears in every generation, each affected person having an affected parent. Exceptions or apparent exceptions to this rule in clinical genetics:(1) cases originating by fresh mutation in a gamete of a phenotypically normal parent; (2)apparent but not true exceptions in which the disorder is not expressed (non-penetrant) or is expressed very mild in a person who has inherited the responsible gene. 4. Any child of an affected parent has a 50% risk of inheriting the trait. This is true for most families, in which the other parent is phenotypically normal. Because statistically each family member is the result of an “independent event,” there may in a single family be wide deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio. 第三节 常染色体隐性遗传病的遗传 由于常染色体隐性遗传病的致病基因为隐性基因,所以只有隐性 纯合子才会发病。在杂合子时,隐性致病基因的作用被其显性基因所 掩盖,而不表现相应的疾病,表型与正常人相同,但是却可将致病基 因遗传给后代。这种表型正常而带有致病基因的杂合子,称为携带者 (carrier)。白化病、先天性聋哑、先天性肌弛缓等都属于此种遗传方 式。 一、Tay-Sachs 病 Tay-Sachs 病(OMIM#272800)也称为黑朦性痴呆。在北美的 Ashkenazi 犹太人(遗传上隔离群体)中很常见。是一种常染色体隐 性遗传病,患者在出生后 6 个左右即开始发病,表现为神经系统的退 行性变性,随即致盲,智能和体能不断退化,最后在儿童期死亡
Tay-Sachs病是神经节苷脂贮积病GM2中的一种类型,患者由于 基因编码氨基己糖苷酶A( hexosaminidase a,hexA)α亚单位的基 因突变,酶活性缺失而不能使神经节苷脂降解而堆积所致 Tay-Sachs disease Clinical features Severe mental and physical deterioration beginning in infancy, death occurs at age 2 to 3 years Incidence about 1 in 3600 in Ashkenazi Jewish births about I in 360000 in most other population Genetics Autosomal recessive Gene location 15q23-Q24 Basic defect Mutations at the locus for the a subunit of hexosaminidase a Pathophysiology Deficiency or absence of the lysosomal enzyme hexosam inidase a leads to accumulation of ganglioside Gm2 mainly in neurons Prenantal diagnosis Possible by assay of fetal tissues(including cultured or uncultured amniotic fluid cells or cells of chorionic villi) for activ ity of the enzyme; also possible by dna techniques in suitable family Treatment None available Significance Example of a lethal autosomal recessive disorder with high frequency in a specific, genetically isolated population. One of the first disorders for which heterozy gote screening was carried out on a large scale, and one of the first metabolic disorders for which prenatal diagnosis was used 其他一些常见且主要的常染色体隐性遗传病见表5-2。 表5-2常染色体隐性遗传病举例 疾病中文名称 疾病英文名称 OMIM 染色体定位 镰状细胞贫血 sickle cell anemia 603903 11p15.5 婴儿黑蒙性白痴 Tay-Sachs disease 272800 15q23-q24
8 Tay-Sachs 病是神经节苷脂贮积病 GM2中的一种类型,患者由于 基因编码氨基己糖苷酶 A(hexosaminidase A,hexA)α亚单位的基 因突变,酶活性缺失而不能使神经节苷脂降解而堆积所致。 Tay-Sachs Disease Clinical features Severe mental and physical deterioration beginning in infancy, death occurs at age 2 to 3 years. Incidence About 1 in 3600 in Ashkenazi Jewish births; about 1 in 360000 in most other population. Genetics Autosomal recessive Gene location 15q23-q24 Basic defect Mutations at the locus for the α subunit of hexosaminidase A Pathophysiology Deficiency or absence of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase A leads to accumulation of ganglioside GM2 mainly in neurons. Prenantal diagnosis Possible by assay of fetal tissues(including cultured or uncultured amniotic fluid cells or cells of chorionic villi) for activity of the enzyme; also possible by DNA techniques in suitable family Treatment None available Significance Example of a lethal autosomal recessive disorder with high frequency in a specific, genetically isolated population. One of the first disorders for which heterozygote screening was carried out on a large scale, and one of the first metabolic disorders for which prenatal diagnosis was used. 其他一些常见且主要的常染色体隐性遗传病见表 5-2。 表 5-2 常染色体隐性遗传病举例 疾病中文名称 疾病英文名称 OMIM 染色体定位 镰状细胞贫血 sickle cell anemia 603903 11p15.5 婴儿黑蒙性白痴 Tay-Sachs disease 272800 15q23-q24
B-地中海贫血 beta-thalassemias 141900 1lp15.5 同型胱氨酸尿症 21q22.3 苯丙酮尿症 phenylketonuria 61600 丙酮酸激酶缺乏症 yruvate kinase deficiency of 266200 1q21 尿黑酸尿症 alkaptonuria 03500 3q21-q23 Friedreich家族性共济失 Friedreich ataxia 208900 11q22.3 Bardet- Biedl综合征 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 09900 半乳糖血症 30400 9p13 肝豆状核变性 wilson disease 277900 13q14.3-q21.1 粘多糖累积症I型 mucopolysaccharidosis type I 252800 4pl6.3 先天性肾上腺皮质增生 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital201910 6p213 血浆活酶前体缺乏症 PTA deficiency 264900 囊性纤维变性 stic fibrosis 219700 7q312 血色素沉着症 hemochromatosis 235200 6p21.3 、婚配类型及子代发病风险 在常染色体隐性遗传病家系中最常见的是两个杂合子(Aa×Aa) 的婚配,每胎孩子得病的概率是0.25,在患者的表现型正常同胞中杂 合子占23,因此该类婚配家庭的子女中将有1/4得病(图5-5)。 图55常染色体隐性遗传病杂合子相互婚配图解 实际上,人群中最多的婚配类型应该是杂合子与正常人婚配(Aa AA),子代表现型全部正常,但其中将有1/2是携带者(图5-6)。 5-6常染色体隐性遗传病杂合子与正常人婚配图
9 β-地中海贫血 beta-thalassemias 141900 11p15.5 同型胱氨酸尿症 homocystinuria 236200 21q22.3 苯丙酮尿症 phenylketonuria 261600 12q24.1 丙酮酸激酶缺乏症 pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte 266200 1q21 尿黑酸尿症 alkaptonuria 203500 3q21-q23 Friedreich 家族性共济失 调 Friedreich ataxia 208900 11q22.3 Bardet-Biedl 综合征 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 209900 20p12 半乳糖血症 galactosemia 230400 9p13 肝豆状核变性 Wilson disease 277900 13q14.3-q21.1 粘多糖累积症 I 型 mucopolysaccharidosis type I 252800 4p16.3 先天性肾上腺皮质增生 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital 201910 6p21.3 血浆活酶前体缺乏症 PTA deficiency 264900 4q35 囊性纤维变性 cystic fibrosis 219700 7q31.2 血色素沉着症 hemochromatosis 235200 6p21.3 二、婚配类型及子代发病风险 在常染色体隐性遗传病家系中最常见的是两个杂合子(Aa×Aa) 的婚配,每胎孩子得病的概率是 0.25,在患者的表现型正常同胞中杂 合子占 2/3,因此该类婚配家庭的子女中将有 1/4 得病(图 5-5)。 图 5-5 常染色体隐性遗传病杂合子相互婚配图解 实际上,人群中最多的婚配类型应该是杂合子与正常人婚配(Aa ×AA),子代表现型全部正常,但其中将有 1/2 是携带者(图 5-6)。 图 5-6 常染色体隐性遗传病杂合子与正常人婚配图解