讲稿课程名称：职业卫生与职业医学课程编号：y100103授课学期：2013-2014学年秋（学期)授课班级：09 预防刘和亮任课教师：河北联合大学公共卫生学院1
1 讲 稿 课程名称： 职业卫生与职业医学 课程编号： y100103 授课学期：2013-2014 学年秋(学期) 授课班级： 09 预防 任课教师： 刘和亮 河北联合大学公共卫生学院
1首页格式及要求课程名称：《OccupationalHealthandOccupationalMedicine》第5周,第9讲次摘要Chapter 1 Chemical Hazards and Occupational PoisoningSectiongthPesticides授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】1.Learnthehistoryofpesticides,thedevelopmentofenvironmentalprotectiontheclassification of pesticides,the mechanism of pesticides and thepreventiveprinciple of pesticidepoisoning. 2.Mastering the conceptions of pesticides and different types, the characteristic anddiagnostic principle of pesticides. 3. Be familiar with the diagnostic and therapeutic principle ofOrganophosphorus insecticides,andCarbamates.Inaddition,clinical featuresshouldbeknownbystudents.[重点1Mechanism of Organophosphorus insecticides and Carbamates【难点】The character,diagnostic principle and therapeutic methods of.Pesticides内容【本讲课程的引入】Pesticidesarewideusedintheworldandourcountryhasmanypesticidesnearly for 3,o00 types.With the production and use of pesticides, we need to know the concept,danger,benefits of thepesticides and the development history of“Environmentalism Movement"”We alsoneed toknowthe classification of pesticides and the clinical symptoms, treatment of someimportant pesticides. Writing on the blackboard "Pesticides and Pesticides poisoning"【本讲课程的内容】Part 1 Introduce the concept of pesticides插入各种昆虫Pesticides, whatarethey?图片。引导学生Pesticides:An Introduction对农药应用的We've all heard theterm pesticides before, but do we really know what they are?直观印象。Pesticides arechemicalsthatweusetokillundesireableorganisms.（不希望有的生物）When we say undesireable organisms, we are referring to organisms (plants, animals, insects, etc.)that are hamful to us Some of these organisms, or "pests," eat our crops, while others spreaddiseases. And it doesn't always have to be this serious. Weeds （杂草）can be considered a pest forjust growing in the wrong places (our yards). The point is, if we are using some type of chemical tocontrol these pests, that chemical would be considered a pesticide.The Need for PesticidesMany of the pesticides that we use make our lives easier.For instance,(using some of our earlierexamples) the pesticides in wool and our wood makes our clothes and furniture last longer.Youwouldn't want to have to buy a new wool sweater every year, would you?The fact that pesticides are in our food is probably what makes people themost uncomfortable.Dowe really need that? Why can't all the farmers just grow food organically?2
2 1 首页格式及要求 课程名称：《Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine》 第 5 周，第 9 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） Chapter 1 Chemical Hazards and Occupational Poisoning Section 8 th Pesticides 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】1. Learn the history of pesticides, the development of environmental protection, the classification of pesticides, the mechanism of pesticides and the preventive principle of pesticide poisoning. 2. Mastering the conceptions of pesticides and different types, the characteristic and diagnostic principle of pesticides. 3. Be familiar with the diagnostic and therapeutic principle of Organophosphorus insecticides, and Carbamates. In addition, clinical features should be known by students. 【重 点】Mechanism of Organophosphorus insecticides and Carbamates. 【难 点】The character, diagnostic principle and therapeutic methods of. Pesticides. 内 容 【本讲课程的引入】Pesticides are wide used in the world and our country has many pesticides nearly for 3,000 types. With the production and use of pesticides, we need to know the concept, danger, benefits of the pesticides and the development history of “Environmentalism Movement”. We also need to know the classification of pesticides and the clinical symptoms, treatment of some important pesticides. Writing on the blackboard “Pesticides and Pesticides poisoning” 【本讲课程的内容】 Part 1 Introduce the concept of pesticides Pesticides, what are they? Pesticides: An Introduction We've all heard the term pesticides before, but do we really know what they are? Pesticides are chemicals that we use to kill undesireable organisms.（不希望有的生物） When we say undesireable organisms, we are referring to organisms (plants, animals, insects, etc.) that are harmful to us. Some of these organisms, or "pests," eat our crops, while others spread diseases. And it doesn't always have to be this serious. Weeds（杂草） can be considered a pest for just growing in the wrong places (our yards). The point is, if we are using some type of chemical to control these pests, that chemical would be considered a pesticide. The Need for Pesticides Many of the pesticides that we use make our lives easier. For instance, (using some of our earlier examples) the pesticides in wool and our wood makes our clothes and furniture last longer. You wouldn't want to have to buy a new wool sweater every year, would you? The fact that pesticides are in our food is probably what makes people the most uncomfortable. Do we really need that? Why can't all the farmers just grow food organically? 插入各种昆虫 图片。引导学生 对农药应用的 直观印象
Here's something to think about:The world population is5billion and growing.Ofthose, 7o0 million are undernourished.Even with the use of pesticides, over one-third ofour food is lost topests.(Without pesticides, the losses will probably be even higher).Doyou think we can afford to feed the world organically?The answer, unfortunately, is that with current agricultural methods and technologies it isnot possibleto provide thequantities currentlyneededfor the number of people living inthe earth.Pesticides allowusto increase our harvests and feed morepeopleInadditiontoapplicationsinagriculture（农业），pesticideshavemanyotherimportant插入疮疾病人uses.Many pests transmit diseases which are verydangerous to us.红细胞图片Forexample,inthepast,malaria（宠疾）wasoncea seriousdiseasethatkilledmillions of people globally.(The photo to the left shows the red blood cells of someonewithmalaria.)Tofight this problem, weused thepesticideDDT, tokill themosquitoeswhichtransmittedthedisease.It was successful, and thenumber of peoplewhodiedfrommalariashrankdrastically.(Moreonthislater.)Here's another example that many of us can relateto:Millions of people in the US.haveallergic reactions to the cockroaches in our homes.The pesticides in insect sprays andbaitshelpreducethisproblem插入农药在大Dangers of Pesticides气、土壤、水及Presently, we are using more pesticides than ever. Here in the US, we use almost 4生物中的循环pounds of it annually per person! Although most modern pesticides are much safer than示意图theirpredecessors, afewofour commonlyusedpesticidesareconsideredtoxic.In lab tests where high doses of pesticides were given, researchers have observedsomesignificanthealtheffects.Geneticdamage，reproductive（生殖的）problems,and possible linkstocancerare just someof the risks associated withpesticides.As you can see, the pesticide issue is very complex.There is definitely a need for certainpesticides in such areas as agriculture and disease prevention, and yet there are also someobvious health risks from some of these chemicals.To illustrate the constant debate over pesticide usage and to helpyoudevelop your ownopinion about pesticides, we'll nowtalk aboutDDT, oneof themost powerful andcontroversial pesticides in the20th century.Part 2 The development history of environmental protection, especiallythe book“"The silent spring"written by Mrs. Carson"Silent Spring"is written by a courageous woman who pioneered the struggle forenvironmental protectionToday,environmental protection has becomea worldwidemovement. It is almost fashionabletotalk about this problem.But at the time this articlewasfirstpublished,theauthor whosenamewasCarson,wasverymuchunder attack.She was accused of being an alarmist. However Carson did not give in She went onfighting. Soon the idea caught on. More and more people began to join in So today thereis a general consensus that we are facing a very serious ecological problem, and we mustdoeverythingpossibletokeepourwaterandaircleanDuring the 1950s, farmers used powerful new pesticides to control pest populations.These synthetic pesticides killed many different insects and they worked rapidly2
3 Here's something to think about: The world population is 5 billion and growing. Of those, 700 million are undernourished. Even with the use of pesticides, over one-third of our food is lost to pests. (Without pesticides, the losses will probably be even higher). Do you think we can afford to feed the world organically? The answer, unfortunately, is that with current agricultural methods and technologies it is not possible to provide the quantities currently needed for the number of people living in the earth. Pesticides allow us to increase our harvests and feed more people. In addition to applications in agriculture（农业）, pesticides have many other important uses. Many pests transmit diseases which are very dangerous to us. For example, in the past, malaria（疟疾）was once a serious disease that killed millions of people globally. (The photo to the left shows the red blood cells of someone with malaria.) To fight this problem, we used the pesticide DDT, to kill the mosquitoes which transmitted the disease. It was successful, and the number of people who died from malaria shrank drastically. (More on this later.) Here's another example that many of us can relate to: Millions of people in the US. have allergic reactions to the cockroaches in our homes. The pesticides in insect sprays and baits help reduce this problem. Dangers of Pesticides Presently, we are using more pesticides than ever. Here in the US, we use almost 4 pounds of it annually per person! Although most modern pesticides are much safer than their predecessors, a few of our commonly used pesticides are considered toxic. In lab tests where high doses of pesticides were given, researchers have observed some significant health effects. Genetic damage, reproductive（生殖的） problems, and possible links to cancer are just some of the risks associated with pesticides. As you can see, the pesticide issue is very complex. There is definitely a need for certain pesticides in such areas as agriculture and disease prevention, and yet there are also some obvious health risks from some of these chemicals. To illustrate the constant debate over pesticide usage and to help you develop your own opinion about pesticides, we'll now talk about DDT, one of the most powerful and controversial pesticides in the 20th century. Part 2 The development history of environmental protection, especially the book “The silent spring” written by Mrs. Carson “Silent Spring”is written by a courageous woman who pioneered the struggle for environmental protection. Today, environmental protection has become a worldwide movement. It is almost fashionable to talk about this problem. But at the time this article was first published, the author whose name was Carson, was very much under attack. She was accused of being an alarmist. However Carson did not give in. She went on fighting. Soon the idea caught on. More and more people began to join in. So today there is a general consensus that we are facing a very serious ecological problem, and we must do everything possible to keep our water and air clean. During the 1950s, farmers used powerful new pesticides to control pest populations. These synthetic pesticides killed many different insects and they worked rapidly. 插入疟疾病人 红细胞图片 插入农药在大 气、土壤、水及 生物中的循环 示意图
However, they created serious direct and indirect problems in the environment longafter their initial usagePrior to the 1960's, DDT was the "wonder pesticide" that saved the lives of millions ofpeople, During wartime, it protected our soldiers from insect carried diseases, whichpreviously had taken more lives than battle itself.At that time,we did not complainabout the possibledangers ofDDT,as long as it was used to control human diseases.Then in 1962, Rachel Carson came out with her extremely influential work, SilentSpring. Eventually printed in 17 countries and in 10 languages, the work made thedangers of DDT well known. It aroused fear that we were being poisoned withpesticides.She called these pesticides"biocides"(杀生物剂)to implythat they werekilling everything living, not just pests. According to Carson, pesticides, andespeciallyDDT,were carcinogens（致癌物）whichwereupsettingthebalanceofnature.President Kennedy read Rachel Carson work. Shortly afterwards, the Life SciencePanel underthe President's ScienceAdvisory（顾问）was orderedto begin reviewingpesticide use. In 1963, the panel called for legislative measures to protect theenvironmentfromthesechemicals.1967,the EnvironmentalDefense Fund was created to furtherreview pesticideusage and safety.And by the late 1960's, there was already a tremendous growth inpublic concern over pesticidesIn 1972, the EPA put out a nationwide ban on DDT. It was subsequently replacedwith otherpesticides that degrademuchmore quickly than DDT.Today,over 20years later, do you think that DDT is still around us?DDT is still one of the most important and well known pesticide in the world. Whileit's no longer used in the U.S., its use continues in many other parts of the world. Infact, DDT usage in the world today is roughly the same as it was prior to the ban bymost of the Western countries. Some countries which still use DDT include India,China, South America, Africa, and Malaysia.Today, the environmental movement is very strong. In the United States, we spendroughly 600 million dollars every year in support of it Roughly 3/4 of the U.S.population agrees with it, and more than half of the us would be willing to pay moremoney just to get organic produce, What other economic factors result from not usingpesticides?Part3ClassificationofpesticidesTypes of PesticidesPesticides arechemicals used to control indoorand outdoorpests such as insects and4
4 However, they created serious direct and indirect problems in the environment long after their initial usage. Prior to the 1960's, DDT was the "wonder pesticide" that saved the lives of millions of people. During wartime, it protected our soldiers from insect carried diseases, which previously had taken more lives than battle itself. At that time, we did not complain about the possible dangers of DDT, as long as it was used to control human diseases. Then in 1962, Rachel Carson came out with her extremely influential work, Silent Spring. Eventually printed in 17 countries and in 10 languages, the work made the dangers of DDT well known. It aroused fear that we were being poisoned with pesticides. She called these pesticides "biocides"(杀生物剂) to imply that they were killing everything living, not just pests. According to Carson, pesticides, and especially DDT, were carcinogens （致癌物）which were upsetting the balance of nature. President Kennedy read Rachel Carson work. Shortly afterwards, the Life Science Panel under the President's Science Advisory （顾问）was ordered to begin reviewing pesticide use. In 1963, the panel called for legislative measures to protect the environment from these chemicals. 1967, the Environmental Defense Fund was created to further review pesticide usage and safety. And by the late 1960's, there was already a tremendous growth in public concern over pesticides. In 1972, the EPA put out a nationwide ban on DDT. It was subsequently replaced with other pesticides that degrade much more quickly than DDT. Today, over 20 years later, do you think that DDT is still around us? DDT is still one of the most important and well known pesticide in the world. While it's no longer used in the U.S., its use continues in many other parts of the world. In fact, DDT usage in the world today is roughly the same as it was prior to the ban by most of the Western countries. Some countries which still use DDT include India, China, South America, Africa, and Malaysia. Today, the environmental movement is very strong. In the United States, we spend roughly 600 million dollars every year in support of it. Roughly 3/4 of the U.S. population agrees with it, and more than half of the us would be willing to pay more money just to get organic produce. What other economic factors result from not using pesticides? Part 3 Classification of pesticides Types of Pesticides Pesticides are chemicals used to control indoor and outdoor pests such as insects and
rodents, as well as weeds and other harmful plants.Pesticides can also bebiological innature.There arevarious types of pesticides, includingHerbicides（除草剂）-control weeds and otherharmfulplants-Insecticides（杀虫剂）-controlinsects suchastermitesandmothsNematicides（杀线虫剂）-controlroundwormsFungicides（杀真菌剂）-controlfungusRodenticides（灭鼠剂）-controlmice,rats,andotherrodentsPesticide ExposurePeople can be exposed to pesticides through food, air, and water:Food - since they are used on crops, trace amounts of pesticides can be found in manyfoods.Water -runoffrom pesticide use can contaminate groundwater, rivers, lakes, andstreams. Although drinking water provided through municipal systems is testedregularly for increased levels of pesticides, private wells are not.Air- air currents can carry pesticides that were sprayed in a nearby area. Thisphenomenon is known as pesticide drift.Exposure to pesticides can lead to serious side effects, includingRedness，swelling，orblisteringoftheskin（皮肤红肿，起泡）·-Stinging or swelling ofthe eyes, mouth, and noeShortnessofbreath-Nausea andvomiting（恶心和呕吐）.Diarrhea（腹泻）.Headache-FatigueNumbness（麻木）-Inadditiontotheabovesideeffects,pesticidepoisoningcanalsohavesevereeffectson both the reproductive system and the endocrine system (system that controls thebody's hormones)If you or a loved one has been harmed by pesticides, you may want to contact apersonal injury attorney for more informationWhat types of injuries orhealth problems occurdueto these chemicals?Pesticides are dangerous both at the moment of exposure and over the course ofmanyyears.Acute effects occur immediately following exposure to a pesticide.Thesereactions range from simple skin oreyeirritation to serious damage to the internalorgans.Chronic effectsoccurbecauseofrepeated exposure,andmaytakemonthsor5
5 rodents, as well as weeds and other harmful plants. Pesticides can also be biological in nature. There are various types of pesticides, including: • Herbicides（除草剂） - control weeds and other harmful plants • Insecticides （杀虫剂）- control insects such as termites and moths • Nematicides（杀线虫剂）- control roundworms • Fungicides （杀真菌剂）- control fungus • Rodenticides（灭鼠剂） - control mice, rats, and other rodents Pesticide Exposure People can be exposed to pesticides through food, air, and water: Food - since they are used on crops, trace amounts of pesticides can be found in many foods. Water - runoff from pesticide use can contaminate groundwater, rivers, lakes, and streams. Although drinking water provided through municipal systems is tested regularly for increased levels of pesticides, private wells are not. Air - air currents can carry pesticides that were sprayed in a nearby area. This phenomenon is known as pesticide drift. Exposure to pesticides can lead to serious side effects, including: • Redness, swelling, or blistering of the skin （皮肤红肿，起泡） • Stinging or swelling of the eyes, mouth, and nose • Shortness of breath • Nausea and vomiting （恶心和呕吐） • Diarrhea （腹泻） • Headache • Fatigue • Numbness （麻木） In addition to the above side effects, pesticide poisoning can also have severe effects on both the reproductive system and the endocrine system (system that controls the body's hormones). If you or a loved one has been harmed by pesticides, you may want to contact a personal injury attorney for more information. What types of injuries or health problems occur due to these chemicals? Pesticides are dangerous both at the moment of exposure and over the course of many years. Acute effects occur immediately following exposure to a pesticide. These reactions range from simple skin or eye irritation to serious damage to the internal organs. Chronic effects occur because of repeated exposure, and may take months or