●●●●● o A transdermal product is designed to ●●●● ●●● deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ. o Systemic drug absorption should always be considered when using topical products if the patient is pregnant or nursing
⚫ A transdermal product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ. ⚫ Systemic drug absorption should always be considered when using topical products if the patient is pregnant or nursing
●●●●● ●●●● ●●0 L Ointments ●●● ●●●● Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes Ointments may be medicated or nonmedicated Nonmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects that they provide as protectants, emollients or lubricants
I. Ointments Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. Ointments may be medicated or nonmedicated. Nonmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects that they provide as protectants, emollients or lubricants
1 Ointment bases ●●●●● ●●●● ●●0 ●●● ●●●● Ointments bases are classified by the USP into four general groups hydrocarbon bases absorption bases water-removable bases water-soluble bases
1. Ointment bases Ointments bases are classified by the USP into four general groups: - hydrocarbon bases - absorption bases - water-removable bases - water-soluble bases
●●●●● ●●●● 1)Hydrocarbon bases ●●0 ●●● ●●●● Hydrocarbon bases are also termed oleaginous bases On application to the skin emollient effect occlusIve dressings protect against the escape of moisture
Hydrocarbon bases are also termed oleaginous bases. On application to the skin 1) Hydrocarbon bases protect against the escape of moisture emollient effect occlusive dressings
●●●●● ●●●● ●●0 Petrolatum(矿脂 ●●● ●●●● is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum It is an unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to light amber(琥珀色) ◆ It melts at temperatures between38°c and 60oc and may be used alone or in combination with other agents as an ointment base A commercial product is vaseline
Petrolatum （矿脂） is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is an unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to light amber（琥珀色）. It melts at temperatures between 38C and 60 C and may be used alone or in combination with other agents as an ointment base. A commercial product is Vaseline