清光林特大 Reactivity of alkanes 花院。 Chemical stability:C-H;C-C ■不与强酸、强碱、氧化剂反应 ■自由基反应hv
Reactivity of alkanes Chemical stability ：C-H; C-C 不与强酸、强碱、氧化剂反应 自由基反应 hv
0就不t9 Reactions of Alkanes" ■Combustion 2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 13 O2- heat 8C02+10H20 Cracking and hydrocracking (industrial) long-chain alkanes catalyst shorter-chain alkanes ■Halogenation heat or light CH4 Cl2 CH3CI CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4
Reactions of Alkanes Combustion Cracking and hydrocracking (industrial) Halogenation CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O heat 2 13 8 10 long-chain alkanes catalyst shorter-chain alkanes CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3Cl + CH 2Cl 2 CHCl3 CCl4 + + heat or light
0环+大 Petroleum Refining ■Cracking >converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons to more useful,low molecular weight ones ■Reforming >increases branching of hydrocarbon chains >branched hydrocarbons have better burning characteristics for automobile engines
Petroleum Refining Cracking converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons to more useful, low molecular weight ones Reforming increases branching of hydrocarbon chains branched hydrocarbons have better burning characteristics for automobile engines
1.The first step in petroleum refining is fractional distillation. Crude Oil Product Unit/Use Distillation: Temp(F): Recovered: Sent to: <90° Butane Gas The First Step Lighter Processing 90-200-Light Straight Gasoline Naphtha Blending 200360°-Naphtha Catalytic O Reforming Crude oil 350-450°一Kerosene Hydro- Treating 460-650°-Distillate Dist.Fuel Blending 650-1000° Heavy Eluid Catalytic Gas Oil Cracking 1000+°- Residuum→ Coking
1. The first step in petroleum refining is fractional distillation
2.Upstream processing of the distillates. a.Catalytic hydrocracking-produces small alkanes from large alkanes by adding hydrogen. H2,heat Si-Al catalyst b.Catalytic cracking-produces small alkenes and alkanes by cracking in the absence of hydrogen heat Si-Al catalyst c.Catalytic Reforming-the alkanes and cycloalkanes are upgraded to higher octane number by conversion into aromatic compounds. -H2 -3H2 catalyst,heat catalyst,heat
2. Upstream processing of the distillates. a. Catalytic hydrocracking – produces small alkanes from large alkanes by adding hydrogen. H2, heat Si-Al catalyst b. Catalytic cracking – produces small alkenes and alkanes by cracking in the absence of hydrogen. heat Si-Al catalyst c. Catalytic Reforming – the alkanes and cycloalkanes are upgraded to higher octane number by conversion into aromatic compounds. -3H2 -H2 catalyst, heat catalyst, heat