Chapter3Diseases of Respiratory SystemVIMPrinciplesofTherapyRespiratory disease is often characterized by abnormal production of secretions andexudates and by a reduced ability to remove them. The primary goal is to reducethe volume and viscosity粘性 of the secretions and to facilitate theirremoval.This can be accomplished by controlling infection,andmodifyingthesecretions>Therapeutic methods include altering the inspired air吸气 andadministering expectorants,antitussives止咳药/可待因，bronchodilators支气管扩张/氨茶碱，antimicrobials,diuretics利尿剂，and other drugs.Hydrationshould be maintained. Inhalation of humidified air may facilitate removal of airwaysecretions.Expectorants are sometimes used with the intention of liquefying thesesecretions.However,they should be used in conjunction with ancillary respiratory therapysuch as improved postural drainage,mild exercise,and thoracic percussion, which (inaddition to coughing)encourages expectoration and removal of secretions.Mechanical removaloftenacious粘附力强的andviscid粘质的secretionsbyaspiration人工吸气术maybenecessaryin severeairway obstruction.Guangdong Ocean University
11 n Principles of Therapy Ø Respiratory disease is often characterized by abnormal production of secretions and exudates and by a reduced ability to remove them. The primary goal is to reduce the volume and viscosity粘性 of the secretions and to facilitate their removal. This can be accomplished by controlling infection, and modifying the secretions. Ø Therapeutic methods include altering the inspired air吸气 and administering expectorants, antitussives止咳药/可待因 , bronchodilators支气 管扩张/氨茶碱, antimicrobials, diuretics利尿剂 , and other drugs. Hydration should be maintained. Inhalation of humidified air may facilitate removal of airway secretions. Expectorants are sometimes used with the intention of liquefying these secretions. However, they should be used in conjunction with ancillary respiratory therapy such as improved postural drainage, mild exercise, and thoracic percussion, which (in addition to coughing) encourages expectoration and removal of secretions. • Mechanical removal of tenacious粘附力强的 and viscid粘质的 secretions by aspiration人工吸气 术 may be necessary in severe airway obstruction
ZChapter3Diseases of Respiratory SystemVIMSection 1 Pulmonary emphysema Two major forms of pulmonary emphysema肺气肿 are generallyrecognized.Alveolar emphysema肺泡性气肿 is abnor气管of air spaces distal末梢 to the termina气管destruction of alveolar septal隔膜的 walls v细支气管Interstitial emphysema间质性肺气肿 is t!终末细支气管supporting connective tissue stroma基肺液subpleural胸膜下，mediastinal纵膈的，subcut:呼吸性细支气管肿泡管Emphysema shouldbedistinguishedfrom alveol一肺泡囊andtemporary postmortemfinding that occurs sec12Guangdong Ocean University
12 Section 1 Pulmonary emphysema Ø Two major forms of pulmonary emphysema肺气肿 are generally recognized. n Alveolar emphysema肺泡性气肿 is abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal末梢 to the terminal bronchiole终末细支气管 and destruction of alveolar septal隔膜的 walls without apparent fibrosis. n Interstitial emphysema间质性肺气肿 is the presence of air within the supporting connective tissue stroma基质 of the lung (interlobular, subpleural胸膜下 , mediastinal纵膈的 , subcutaneous皮下的)