ssisted reproductive scenarios Sperm donation Surrogate mother Ovum donation Surrogate ovum donation
四② 2 9 2°and4° CElsevierNussbaumetal:thompsonandthompsonsgeneticsinMedicine7e-www.studentconsult.com Proband(先证者):II5 Pedigree drawing software: Progeny, etc
Proband（先证者）: III-5 Pedigree drawing software：Progeny, etc
Share of common genes due to Degree of kinship common ancestry Monozygotic twins Parents, children, siblings, dizygotic 1/2 twins Grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, 1/4 aunts, nephews, nieces, half-siblings, " double first cousins First cousins 1/8 First cousins once removed 1/16 Second cousins 1/32 Third cousins 1/128
eorge Edward (Duke of Kent)= Victoire 12 others Queen Victoria Alb Victoria= FredericⅢ Edward‖ Helena Louise Arthur Leopold trice Kaiser Albert Victor George v Victoria Irene Frederick Alexandra =Nicholas Alice Charles Edward Leopold maurice Wilhelm Il (Duke of Clarence) (Frittie) Rupert Victoria Eugenie Alphonso XI Miscount Trematon) Edvard VIll George VI Alice Waldemar Henry Olga Tatiana Maria Anastasia Alexis Alphonso Jaime Beatriz Boy Maria Juan Gonzalo Duke of windsor) Juan Carlos Princess Queen Elizabeth ll Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh Charles Anne Andrew Edward Paul Alexander European royal family pedigree indicating instances of hemophilia. Bold denotes hemophiliac male, Double underline denotes hemophilia carrier female. Single underline denotes possible hemophilia carrier female. [Reproduced from Stevens, RF(1999)British Journal of Haematology 105: 25- 32, with permission
AD A A Genotype homozygous heterozygous homozygous Phenotype unaffected affected
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